2672 lines
397 KiB
HTML
2672 lines
397 KiB
HTML
<title>Evergreen Applicator — Washington Pesticide Applicator Exam Prep & Practice Tests</title>
|
||
<meta name="description" content="Pass the Washington pesticide applicator exam. 318 original + WSU EM019 practice questions, timed 50-question mock exams, a pest ID field guide, and the WSDA licensing guide — free.">
|
||
<meta name="keywords" content="Washington pesticide applicator exam, WA pesticide license, WSDA exam prep, pesticide applicator practice test, WDO inspection, IPM, structural pest control license, ornamental and turf license">
|
||
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-image-preview:large">
|
||
<link rel="canonical" href="https://evergreenapplicator.thetempleofdoom.com/">
|
||
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
|
||
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Evergreen Applicator">
|
||
<meta property="og:title" content="Evergreen Applicator — Washington Pesticide Applicator Exam Prep">
|
||
<meta property="og:description" content="318 practice questions, timed mock exams, pest ID field guide, and the WSDA licensing guide. Pass the WA pesticide applicator test.">
|
||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://evergreenapplicator.thetempleofdoom.com/">
|
||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
|
||
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Evergreen Applicator — Washington Pesticide Applicator Exam Prep">
|
||
<meta name="twitter:description" content="318 practice questions, mock exams, pest ID guide, and the WSDA licensing guide.">
|
||
<script type="application/ld+json">
|
||
{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebSite","name":"Evergreen Applicator","url":"https://evergreenapplicator.thetempleofdoom.com/","description":"Washington pesticide applicator exam prep — 318 practice questions, timed mock exams, and a pest identification field guide for the WSDA pesticide applicator license.","inLanguage":"en-US","about":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Washington pesticide applicator certification"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Evergreen Applicator"}}
|
||
</script>
|
||
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
|
||
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Fraunces:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..144,300..900;1,9..144,300..900&family=Karla:ital,wght@0,300..800;1,300..800&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;600&display=swap">
|
||
|
||
<style>
|
||
/* ============================================================
|
||
EVERGREEN APPLICATOR — Washington pesticide applicator exam prep
|
||
Palette: ink ground, brass pins, verdigris, bone plates
|
||
============================================================ */
|
||
:root{
|
||
--ink:#0A0D18;
|
||
--ink-2:#111629;
|
||
--panel:#161C33;
|
||
--panel-2:#1E2540;
|
||
--line:#2C3455;
|
||
--bone:#EDE7D6;
|
||
--bone-dim:#B6B3A6;
|
||
--brass:#E3A53F;
|
||
--brass-deep:#B87F26;
|
||
--verdigris:#54BFA9;
|
||
--crimson:#DE5F45;
|
||
--violet:#8E86D6;
|
||
--ground:#0A0D18;
|
||
--surface:#141A30;
|
||
--surface-2:#1B2239;
|
||
--text:#EDE7D6;
|
||
--text-dim:#A3A99C;
|
||
--text-faint:#6E7688;
|
||
--hair:#2A3252;
|
||
--accent:var(--brass);
|
||
--star-op:1;
|
||
--shadow:0 18px 50px -22px rgba(0,0,0,.85);
|
||
--r:14px;
|
||
}
|
||
/* Light: aged plate paper. Applies when OS is light and no dark stamp. */
|
||
@media (prefers-color-scheme: light){
|
||
:root:not([data-theme="dark"]){
|
||
--ground:#F2ECDD; --surface:#FBF7EC; --surface-2:#F5EFE0;
|
||
--text:#171B27; --text-dim:#4E5364; --text-faint:#8C8574; --hair:#DCD3BE;
|
||
--line:#DCD3BE; --panel:#FBF7EC; --panel-2:#F5EFE0;
|
||
--brass:#A2701A; --verdigris:#2C7A6B; --crimson:#B23A22; --violet:#5A50A8;
|
||
--bone:#171B27; --bone-dim:#4E5364;
|
||
--star-op:.30;
|
||
--shadow:0 16px 40px -24px rgba(60,45,20,.45);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
:root[data-theme="light"]{
|
||
--ground:#F2ECDD; --surface:#FBF7EC; --surface-2:#F5EFE0;
|
||
--text:#171B27; --text-dim:#4E5364; --text-faint:#8C8574; --hair:#DCD3BE;
|
||
--line:#DCD3BE; --panel:#FBF7EC; --panel-2:#F5EFE0;
|
||
--brass:#A2701A; --verdigris:#2C7A6B; --crimson:#B23A22; --violet:#5A50A8;
|
||
--bone:#171B27; --bone-dim:#4E5364;
|
||
--star-op:.30;
|
||
--shadow:0 16px 40px -24px rgba(60,45,20,.45);
|
||
}
|
||
:root[data-theme="dark"]{
|
||
--ground:#0A0D18; --surface:#141A30; --surface-2:#1B2239;
|
||
--text:#EDE7D6; --text-dim:#A3A99C; --text-faint:#6E7688; --hair:#2A3252;
|
||
--line:#2C3455; --panel:#161C33; --panel-2:#1E2540;
|
||
--brass:#E3A53F; --verdigris:#54BFA9; --crimson:#DE5F45; --violet:#8E86D6;
|
||
--bone:#EDE7D6; --bone-dim:#B6B3A6;
|
||
--star-op:1;
|
||
--shadow:0 18px 50px -22px rgba(0,0,0,.85);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
*{box-sizing:border-box}
|
||
body{
|
||
margin:0; background:var(--ground); color:var(--text);
|
||
font-family:"Karla","Helvetica Neue",Arial,sans-serif;
|
||
font-size:16.5px; line-height:1.62;
|
||
-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;
|
||
overflow-x:hidden;
|
||
}
|
||
h1,h2,h3,h4{font-family:"Fraunces",Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-wrap:balance; margin:0; font-variation-settings:"SOFT" 0,"WONK" 1;}
|
||
i,em,.sci{font-family:"Fraunces",Georgia,serif; font-style:italic;}
|
||
.mono,code,kbd{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",ui-monospace,Menlo,monospace;}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- starfield ---------- */
|
||
#sky{position:fixed; inset:0; width:100%; height:100%; z-index:0; pointer-events:none; opacity:var(--star-op); transition:opacity .5s;}
|
||
#veil{position:fixed; inset:0; z-index:0; pointer-events:none;
|
||
background:
|
||
radial-gradient(1200px 700px at 78% -8%, color-mix(in srgb, var(--brass) 13%, transparent), transparent 65%),
|
||
radial-gradient(900px 600px at 8% 22%, color-mix(in srgb, var(--violet) 12%, transparent), transparent 62%);
|
||
}
|
||
#shell{position:relative; z-index:1;}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- top bar ---------- */
|
||
header.bar{
|
||
position:sticky; top:0; z-index:60;
|
||
backdrop-filter:blur(16px) saturate(1.3);
|
||
background:color-mix(in srgb, var(--ground) 82%, transparent);
|
||
border-bottom:1px solid var(--hair);
|
||
}
|
||
.bar-in{max-width:1240px; margin:0 auto; padding:10px 20px; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:18px; flex-wrap:wrap;}
|
||
.mark{display:flex; align-items:center; gap:10px; font-family:"Fraunces",serif; font-weight:700; font-size:1.05rem; letter-spacing:.01em; white-space:nowrap;}
|
||
.mark .pin{width:22px;height:22px;flex:none}
|
||
nav.tabs{display:flex; gap:2px; flex-wrap:wrap; margin-left:auto;}
|
||
nav.tabs button{
|
||
font:inherit; font-size:.79rem; letter-spacing:.1em; text-transform:uppercase; font-weight:700;
|
||
background:none; border:1px solid transparent; color:var(--text-faint);
|
||
padding:7px 11px; border-radius:99px; cursor:pointer; transition:.18s;
|
||
}
|
||
nav.tabs button:hover{color:var(--text); background:var(--surface-2);}
|
||
nav.tabs button[aria-selected="true"]{color:var(--ground); background:var(--brass); border-color:var(--brass);}
|
||
:root:not([data-theme="light"]) nav.tabs button[aria-selected="true"]{color:#0A0D18;}
|
||
:root[data-theme="light"] nav.tabs button[aria-selected="true"]{color:#FBF7EC;}
|
||
@media (prefers-color-scheme: light){:root:not([data-theme="dark"]) nav.tabs button[aria-selected="true"]{color:#FBF7EC;}}
|
||
.icon-btn{background:none;border:1px solid var(--hair);color:var(--text-dim);width:34px;height:34px;border-radius:99px;cursor:pointer;display:grid;place-items:center;font-size:.95rem;transition:.18s}
|
||
.icon-btn:hover{color:var(--brass);border-color:var(--brass)}
|
||
:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--brass); outline-offset:3px; border-radius:6px;}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- layout ---------- */
|
||
main{max-width:1240px; margin:0 auto; padding:0 20px 120px;}
|
||
.view{display:none; animation:rise .45s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.3,1);}
|
||
.view.on{display:block;}
|
||
@keyframes rise{from{opacity:0; transform:translateY(14px)} to{opacity:1; transform:none}}
|
||
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{animation-duration:.01ms!important; transition-duration:.01ms!important}}
|
||
|
||
.eyebrow{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.7rem; letter-spacing:.24em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--brass); margin-bottom:14px;}
|
||
.lede{font-size:1.12rem; color:var(--text-dim); max-width:62ch;}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- hero ---------- */
|
||
.hero{padding:72px 0 40px; perspective:1400px;}
|
||
.hero h1{
|
||
font-size:clamp(3rem,9.5vw,7.4rem); line-height:.87; font-weight:800;
|
||
font-variation-settings:"SOFT" 30,"WONK" 1,"opsz" 144;
|
||
letter-spacing:-.03em; margin:0 0 6px;
|
||
}
|
||
.hero h1 .lo{display:block; color:var(--brass); font-style:italic; font-weight:400; font-size:.42em; letter-spacing:.02em; line-height:1.1; margin-bottom:.35em; font-variation-settings:"SOFT" 0,"WONK" 1;}
|
||
.hero h1 em{font-style:italic; color:var(--verdigris); font-weight:300;}
|
||
.hero-grid{display:grid; grid-template-columns:1.15fr .85fr; gap:44px; align-items:center;}
|
||
@media(max-width:900px){.hero-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:28px} .hero{padding:44px 0 24px}}
|
||
.drawer{
|
||
position:relative; border-radius:var(--r); border:1px solid var(--line);
|
||
background:linear-gradient(160deg, var(--surface), var(--surface-2));
|
||
box-shadow:var(--shadow); padding:20px; transform-style:preserve-3d;
|
||
transform:rotateY(-11deg) rotateX(5deg); transition:transform .5s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.3,1);
|
||
}
|
||
.drawer:hover{transform:rotateY(-4deg) rotateX(2deg) translateZ(18px);}
|
||
.drawer .rail{position:absolute; left:50%; top:-1px; transform:translateX(-50%); width:64px; height:6px; border-radius:0 0 8px 8px; background:var(--brass); opacity:.8;}
|
||
.drawer-grid{display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:12px;}
|
||
.spec{border:1px solid var(--hair); border-radius:10px; background:color-mix(in srgb, var(--ground) 35%, transparent); padding:10px; text-align:center;}
|
||
.spec svg{width:100%; height:96px; display:block;}
|
||
.spec b{display:block; font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.6rem; letter-spacing:.16em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--text-faint); margin-top:6px; font-weight:400;}
|
||
|
||
.statline{display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:0; margin:38px 0 0; border-top:1px solid var(--hair); border-bottom:1px solid var(--hair);}
|
||
.statline div{flex:1 1 130px; padding:16px 18px 14px; border-right:1px solid var(--hair);}
|
||
.statline div:last-child{border-right:none}
|
||
.statline b{display:block; font-family:"Fraunces",serif; font-size:2.1rem; font-weight:700; line-height:1; color:var(--brass); font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;}
|
||
.statline span{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.63rem; letter-spacing:.16em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--text-faint);}
|
||
|
||
.cta-row{display:flex; gap:12px; flex-wrap:wrap; margin-top:28px;}
|
||
.btn{
|
||
font:inherit; font-weight:700; font-size:.86rem; letter-spacing:.06em; text-transform:uppercase;
|
||
padding:13px 22px; border-radius:99px; cursor:pointer; border:1px solid var(--brass);
|
||
background:var(--brass); color:var(--ground); transition:.2s; display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:9px;
|
||
}
|
||
:root[data-theme="light"] .btn{color:#FBF7EC}
|
||
@media (prefers-color-scheme: light){:root:not([data-theme="dark"]) .btn{color:#FBF7EC}}
|
||
.btn:hover{transform:translateY(-2px); box-shadow:0 10px 26px -12px color-mix(in srgb, var(--brass) 70%, transparent);}
|
||
.btn.ghost{background:none; color:var(--text); border-color:var(--line);}
|
||
.btn.ghost:hover{border-color:var(--brass); color:var(--brass); box-shadow:none;}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- generic cards ---------- */
|
||
.section{margin-top:64px;}
|
||
.section > h2{font-size:clamp(1.6rem,3.4vw,2.5rem); font-weight:700; letter-spacing:-.02em; margin-bottom:10px;}
|
||
.cards{display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(268px,1fr)); gap:16px; margin-top:24px;}
|
||
.card{
|
||
border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:var(--r); background:var(--surface);
|
||
padding:20px; transition:.22s; position:relative; overflow:hidden;
|
||
}
|
||
.card:hover{border-color:color-mix(in srgb,var(--brass) 55%, var(--line)); transform:translateY(-3px); box-shadow:var(--shadow);}
|
||
.card h3{font-size:1.15rem; font-weight:700; margin-bottom:6px;}
|
||
.card p{margin:0; color:var(--text-dim); font-size:.93rem;}
|
||
.card .num{position:absolute; right:14px; top:10px; font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.68rem; color:var(--text-faint); letter-spacing:.1em;}
|
||
button.card{text-align:left; font:inherit; color:inherit; cursor:pointer; width:100%;}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- field guide ---------- */
|
||
.chapbar{display:flex; gap:6px; overflow-x:auto; padding:10px 0 14px; margin-bottom:8px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--hair); scrollbar-width:thin;}
|
||
.chapbar button{
|
||
font:inherit; font-size:.78rem; font-weight:700; white-space:nowrap; cursor:pointer;
|
||
background:var(--surface); border:1px solid var(--line); color:var(--text-dim);
|
||
padding:8px 13px; border-radius:8px; transition:.18s; display:flex; gap:8px; align-items:center;
|
||
}
|
||
.chapbar button .n{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.68rem; color:var(--brass);}
|
||
.chapbar button:hover{color:var(--text); border-color:var(--brass);}
|
||
.chapbar button[aria-current="true"]{background:var(--brass); border-color:var(--brass); color:var(--ground);}
|
||
.chapbar button[aria-current="true"] .n{color:inherit; opacity:.7}
|
||
:root[data-theme="light"] .chapbar button[aria-current="true"]{color:#FBF7EC}
|
||
@media (prefers-color-scheme: light){:root:not([data-theme="dark"]) .chapbar button[aria-current="true"]{color:#FBF7EC}}
|
||
|
||
.plate{
|
||
display:grid; grid-template-columns:300px 1fr; gap:28px; align-items:start;
|
||
border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:var(--r); background:var(--surface);
|
||
padding:24px; margin-bottom:18px;
|
||
}
|
||
@media(max-width:820px){.plate{grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:18px; padding:18px}}
|
||
.plate-art{
|
||
border:1px solid var(--hair); border-radius:10px; padding:14px;
|
||
background:
|
||
linear-gradient(color-mix(in srgb,var(--ground) 55%,transparent),color-mix(in srgb,var(--ground) 30%,transparent)),
|
||
repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, transparent 0 7px, color-mix(in srgb,var(--brass) 5%,transparent) 7px 8px);
|
||
position:sticky; top:74px;
|
||
}
|
||
@media(max-width:820px){.plate-art{position:static}}
|
||
.plate-art svg{width:100%; height:auto; display:block;}
|
||
.plate-art figcaption{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.62rem; letter-spacing:.13em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--text-faint); text-align:center; margin-top:10px;}
|
||
.plate h3{font-size:1.5rem; margin-bottom:2px;}
|
||
.plate .binom{font-family:"Fraunces",serif; font-style:italic; color:var(--verdigris); font-size:.98rem; margin-bottom:14px; display:block;}
|
||
.plate p{margin:0 0 12px; color:var(--text-dim);}
|
||
.plate p strong{color:var(--text); font-weight:700;}
|
||
|
||
.facts{list-style:none; padding:0; margin:14px 0 0; display:grid; gap:1px; background:var(--hair); border:1px solid var(--hair); border-radius:10px; overflow:hidden;}
|
||
.facts li{background:var(--surface); padding:9px 13px; display:grid; grid-template-columns:132px 1fr; gap:12px; font-size:.9rem;}
|
||
.facts li b{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.63rem; letter-spacing:.13em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--text-faint); font-weight:400; padding-top:3px;}
|
||
@media(max-width:560px){.facts li{grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:2px}}
|
||
|
||
.tag{display:inline-block; font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.6rem; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; padding:3px 9px; border-radius:99px; border:1px solid; margin:0 6px 6px 0;}
|
||
.tag.wdo1{color:var(--crimson); border-color:color-mix(in srgb,var(--crimson) 45%,transparent); background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--crimson) 10%,transparent);}
|
||
.tag.wdo2{color:var(--brass); border-color:color-mix(in srgb,var(--brass) 45%,transparent); background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--brass) 10%,transparent);}
|
||
.tag.good{color:var(--verdigris); border-color:color-mix(in srgb,var(--verdigris) 45%,transparent); background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--verdigris) 10%,transparent);}
|
||
.tag.med{color:var(--violet); border-color:color-mix(in srgb,var(--violet) 45%,transparent); background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--violet) 10%,transparent);}
|
||
.tag.n{color:var(--text-faint); border-color:var(--line);}
|
||
|
||
.callout{border-left:3px solid var(--brass); background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--brass) 7%,transparent); padding:12px 16px; border-radius:0 10px 10px 0; margin:16px 0; font-size:.93rem;}
|
||
.callout b{color:var(--brass); font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.63rem; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; display:block; margin-bottom:4px;}
|
||
.callout.exam{border-left-color:var(--crimson); background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--crimson) 8%,transparent);}
|
||
.callout.exam b{color:var(--crimson);}
|
||
.callout.law{border-left-color:var(--violet); background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--violet) 8%,transparent);}
|
||
.callout.law b{color:var(--violet);}
|
||
|
||
.tbl{width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:.88rem; margin:14px 0;}
|
||
.tbl-wrap{overflow-x:auto; border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:10px;}
|
||
.tbl th{text-align:left; font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.62rem; letter-spacing:.13em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--brass); font-weight:400; padding:10px 13px; background:var(--surface-2); border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); white-space:nowrap;}
|
||
.tbl td{padding:9px 13px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--hair); vertical-align:top; color:var(--text-dim);}
|
||
.tbl tr:last-child td{border-bottom:none}
|
||
.tbl td:first-child{color:var(--text); font-weight:700;}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- flashcards ---------- */
|
||
.fc-stage{perspective:1600px; max-width:620px; margin:26px auto 0;}
|
||
.fc{
|
||
position:relative; width:100%; min-height:320px; transform-style:preserve-3d;
|
||
transition:transform .62s cubic-bezier(.2,.8,.3,1); cursor:pointer;
|
||
}
|
||
.fc.flip{transform:rotateY(180deg);}
|
||
.fc-face{
|
||
position:absolute; inset:0; backface-visibility:hidden; -webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;
|
||
border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:18px; background:var(--surface); box-shadow:var(--shadow);
|
||
padding:32px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; justify-content:center; gap:12px;
|
||
}
|
||
.fc-face.back{transform:rotateY(180deg); background:linear-gradient(160deg,var(--surface-2),var(--surface));}
|
||
.fc-face .k{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.62rem; letter-spacing:.18em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--brass);}
|
||
.fc-face .q{font-family:"Fraunces",serif; font-size:1.55rem; font-weight:600; line-height:1.24;}
|
||
.fc-face .a{font-size:1.02rem; color:var(--text-dim);}
|
||
.fc-face .a strong{color:var(--verdigris);}
|
||
.fc-hint{text-align:center; font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.62rem; letter-spacing:.16em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--text-faint); margin-top:18px;}
|
||
.fc-nav{display:flex; gap:10px; justify-content:center; align-items:center; margin-top:14px; flex-wrap:wrap;}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- exam ---------- */
|
||
.q{border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:var(--r); background:var(--surface); padding:20px 22px; margin-bottom:14px;}
|
||
.q .qn{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.63rem; letter-spacing:.15em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--brass); margin-bottom:8px;}
|
||
.q .qt{font-family:"Fraunces",serif; font-size:1.12rem; font-weight:600; margin-bottom:14px; line-height:1.35;}
|
||
.opt{display:block; width:100%; text-align:left; font:inherit; font-size:.95rem; color:var(--text-dim);
|
||
background:var(--surface-2); border:1px solid var(--hair); border-radius:10px; padding:11px 14px; margin-bottom:8px; cursor:pointer; transition:.16s; display:flex; gap:11px;}
|
||
.opt:hover{border-color:var(--brass); color:var(--text);}
|
||
.opt .l{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; color:var(--brass); flex:none;}
|
||
.opt.right{border-color:var(--verdigris); background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--verdigris) 14%,transparent); color:var(--text);}
|
||
.opt.right .l{color:var(--verdigris)}
|
||
.opt.wrong{border-color:var(--crimson); background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--crimson) 12%,transparent); color:var(--text);}
|
||
.opt.wrong .l{color:var(--crimson)}
|
||
.opt[disabled]{cursor:default}
|
||
.why{margin-top:10px; font-size:.9rem; color:var(--text-dim); border-left:3px solid var(--verdigris); padding-left:12px;}
|
||
.scorebar{position:sticky; top:60px; z-index:40; display:flex; gap:16px; align-items:center; flex-wrap:wrap;
|
||
background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--ground) 88%,transparent); backdrop-filter:blur(12px);
|
||
border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:99px; padding:10px 20px; margin:20px 0 24px;}
|
||
.scorebar b{font-family:"Fraunces",serif; font-size:1.4rem; color:var(--brass); font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;}
|
||
.scorebar span{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.66rem; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--text-faint);}
|
||
.meter{flex:1 1 130px; height:6px; border-radius:99px; background:var(--hair); overflow:hidden; min-width:100px;}
|
||
.meter i{display:block; height:100%; width:0; background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--brass),var(--verdigris)); transition:width .5s;}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- key walker ---------- */
|
||
.key{border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:var(--r); background:var(--surface); padding:26px; max-width:760px;}
|
||
.key .step{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.63rem; letter-spacing:.16em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--brass); margin-bottom:10px;}
|
||
.key .prompt{font-family:"Fraunces",serif; font-size:1.3rem; font-weight:600; margin-bottom:18px;}
|
||
.key .couplet{display:grid; gap:10px;}
|
||
.key .couplet button{font:inherit; text-align:left; cursor:pointer; background:var(--surface-2); border:1px solid var(--hair); border-radius:10px; padding:14px 16px; color:var(--text-dim); transition:.18s;}
|
||
.key .couplet button:hover{border-color:var(--brass); color:var(--text); transform:translateX(4px);}
|
||
.key .trail{display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:6px; margin-bottom:16px;}
|
||
.key .trail i{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-style:normal; font-size:.62rem; letter-spacing:.1em; color:var(--text-faint); border:1px solid var(--hair); border-radius:99px; padding:3px 9px;}
|
||
.key .result{text-align:center; padding:10px 0;}
|
||
.key .result svg{width:210px; height:auto; margin:0 auto 12px; display:block;}
|
||
.key .result h3{font-size:1.7rem; color:var(--verdigris);}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- house diagram ---------- */
|
||
.house-wrap{display:grid; grid-template-columns:1.35fr .65fr; gap:24px; align-items:start;}
|
||
@media(max-width:900px){.house-wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr}}
|
||
.house-svg{border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:var(--r); background:var(--surface); padding:14px;}
|
||
.house-svg svg{width:100%; height:auto; display:block;}
|
||
.hot{cursor:pointer;}
|
||
.hot circle{fill:color-mix(in srgb,var(--crimson) 82%, transparent); stroke:var(--bone); stroke-width:1.2; transition:.18s;}
|
||
.hot text{fill:#fff; font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:9px; font-weight:600; pointer-events:none;}
|
||
.hot:hover circle,.hot.on circle{fill:var(--brass); r:12;}
|
||
.house-note{border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:var(--r); background:var(--surface); padding:20px; position:sticky; top:74px; min-height:180px;}
|
||
.house-note .num{font-family:"Fraunces",serif; font-size:2.6rem; font-weight:800; color:var(--brass); line-height:1;}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- glossary ---------- */
|
||
.search{width:100%; max-width:520px; font:inherit; padding:13px 18px; border-radius:99px; border:1px solid var(--line); background:var(--surface); color:var(--text);}
|
||
.search::placeholder{color:var(--text-faint)}
|
||
.gloss{columns:2; column-gap:34px; margin-top:24px;}
|
||
@media(max-width:760px){.gloss{columns:1}}
|
||
.gloss dl{margin:0}
|
||
.gloss .item{break-inside:avoid; margin-bottom:14px; padding-bottom:12px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--hair);}
|
||
.gloss dt{font-family:"Fraunces",serif; font-weight:700; font-size:1rem; color:var(--text);}
|
||
.gloss dd{margin:3px 0 0; font-size:.9rem; color:var(--text-dim);}
|
||
.count{font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace; font-size:.66rem; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--text-faint); margin-top:12px; display:block;}
|
||
|
||
footer.foot{border-top:1px solid var(--hair); margin-top:70px; padding:28px 20px 60px; text-align:center; color:var(--text-faint); font-size:.82rem;}
|
||
footer.foot a{color:var(--brass)}
|
||
.hr{height:1px; background:var(--hair); margin:44px 0; border:none;}
|
||
|
||
/* ---------- plate art ---------- */
|
||
.plate-art svg,.spec svg,.key .result svg,.art svg{color:var(--bone)}
|
||
.a-st{fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}
|
||
.a-th{stroke-width:1.1}
|
||
.a-fl{fill:currentColor;opacity:.14;stroke:none}
|
||
.a-fs{fill:currentColor;stroke:none}
|
||
.a-acc{stroke:var(--brass)} .a-accf{fill:var(--brass);stroke:none}
|
||
.a-vd{stroke:var(--verdigris)} .a-vdf{fill:var(--verdigris);stroke:none}
|
||
.a-rd{stroke:var(--crimson)} .a-rdf{fill:var(--crimson);stroke:none}
|
||
.a-lb{fill:var(--text-faint);font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace;font-size:6.5px;letter-spacing:.06em;stroke:none}
|
||
.a-lb2{fill:var(--brass);font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace;font-size:7px;letter-spacing:.06em;stroke:none}
|
||
.a-dash{stroke-dasharray:3 3}
|
||
mark{background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--brass) 30%,transparent); color:inherit; border-radius:3px; padding:0 2px;}
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
<canvas id="sky"></canvas>
|
||
<div id="veil"></div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="shell">
|
||
<header class="bar">
|
||
<div class="bar-in">
|
||
<div class="mark">
|
||
<svg class="pin" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><circle cx="12" cy="6" r="4" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M12 10v12" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.6"/><circle cx="12" cy="6" r="1.4" fill="var(--ground)"/></svg>
|
||
Evergreen Applicator
|
||
</div>
|
||
<nav class="tabs" id="tabs" role="tablist"></nav>
|
||
<button class="icon-btn" id="themeBtn" title="Switch theme" aria-label="Switch theme">◐</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
<main>
|
||
<section class="view on" id="v-home"></section>
|
||
<section class="view" id="v-field"></section>
|
||
<section class="view" id="v-keys"></section>
|
||
<section class="view" id="v-house"></section>
|
||
<section class="view" id="v-cards"></section>
|
||
<section class="view" id="v-exam"></section>
|
||
<section class="view" id="v-gloss"></section>
|
||
<section class="view" id="v-wa"></section>
|
||
<section class="view" id="v-waprep"></section>
|
||
</main>
|
||
<noscript>
|
||
<div style="font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;max-width:720px;margin:2rem auto;padding:0 1rem;color:#1a1a1a">
|
||
<h1>Evergreen Applicator — Washington Pesticide Applicator Exam Prep</h1>
|
||
<p>Free study suite to pass the Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA) pesticide applicator license. 318 practice questions, a timed 50-question mock exam, and a pest identification field guide.</p>
|
||
<h2>License categories covered</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Core</strong> (general standards) — required for every commercial applicator</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Structural</strong> — structural pest control: wood-destroying organisms, cockroaches, ants, rodents, bed bugs</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Ornamental & Turf</strong> — lawn and landscape pests, weeds, turf disease</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Agricultural</strong> — crop pest control and field application</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2>Exam knowledge areas</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Pesticide safety, storage, and formulations</li>
|
||
<li>Label reading (signal words, directions for use)</li>
|
||
<li>Environmental protection (drift, buffer zones, groundwater, pollinators)</li>
|
||
<li>Laws & regulations (FIFRA, Worker Protection Standard, recordkeeping)</li>
|
||
<li>Integrated Pest Management (IPM) — monitoring, thresholds, biological control</li>
|
||
<li>Toxicology — LD50, exposure routes, first aid</li>
|
||
<li>Application equipment, nozzles, and calibration</li>
|
||
<li>Personal protective equipment (PPE)</li>
|
||
<li>Worker Protection Standard (WPS) and restricted-entry intervals</li>
|
||
<li>Calibration & math — GPA, mixing ratios, nozzle output</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2>Washington exam format</h2>
|
||
<p>50–100 multiple-choice questions, 120 minutes, closed book, 70% to pass. Exam fee $33, license fee $73. Renew every 5 years with 40 continuing-education units (CEUs). Administered by WSDA at (360) 902-2020 (agr.wa.gov).</p>
|
||
<h2>Pest identification field guide</h2>
|
||
<p>13 chapters covering dampwood and subterranean termites, carpenter ants, cockroaches, stored-product pests, rodents, spiders, and more — with real photographs and Washington-specific field notes.</p>
|
||
<p><em>Enable JavaScript to use the interactive study suite, flashcards, and practice exams.</em></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</noscript>
|
||
|
||
<footer class="foot">
|
||
Built from <b>EM019 — Study Manual for Pest Management Professionals</b>, WSU Extension (rev. April 2021).<br>
|
||
Antonelli, Whitworth, Suomi, Black, Foss & Maguire. A study aid, never a substitute for the label or the WAC.
|
||
</footer>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* ================= STARFIELD ================= */
|
||
(function(){
|
||
const c=document.getElementById('sky'), x=c.getContext('2d');
|
||
const reduce=matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;
|
||
let stars=[],w=0,h=0,t=0;
|
||
function size(){
|
||
const d=Math.min(devicePixelRatio||1,2);
|
||
w=c.width=innerWidth*d; h=c.height=innerHeight*d;
|
||
c.style.width=innerWidth+'px'; c.style.height=innerHeight+'px';
|
||
const n=Math.round(innerWidth*innerHeight/5200);
|
||
stars=Array.from({length:n},()=>({
|
||
x:Math.random()*w, y:Math.random()*h,
|
||
r:(Math.random()*1.25+.25)*d,
|
||
p:Math.random()*Math.PI*2,
|
||
s:Math.random()*.022+.005,
|
||
hue:Math.random()<.14?'#E3A53F':(Math.random()<.12?'#54BFA9':'#EDE7D6')
|
||
}));
|
||
}
|
||
function draw(){
|
||
x.clearRect(0,0,w,h); t+=1;
|
||
for(const st of stars){
|
||
const a=reduce?.55:(Math.sin(st.p+t*st.s)*.5+.5)*.85+.12;
|
||
x.globalAlpha=a; x.fillStyle=st.hue;
|
||
x.beginPath(); x.arc(st.x,st.y,st.r,0,6.284); x.fill();
|
||
if(st.r>1.2*Math.min(devicePixelRatio||1,2)){
|
||
x.globalAlpha=a*.28; x.fillRect(st.x-st.r*3,st.y-.4,st.r*6,.8); x.fillRect(st.x-.4,st.y-st.r*3,.8,st.r*6);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
x.globalAlpha=1;
|
||
if(!reduce) requestAnimationFrame(draw);
|
||
}
|
||
addEventListener('resize',()=>{size();if(reduce)draw();});
|
||
size(); draw();
|
||
})();
|
||
|
||
/* ================= THEME ================= */
|
||
(function(){
|
||
const b=document.getElementById('themeBtn');
|
||
let cur=null;
|
||
try{cur=localStorage.getItem('pn-theme')}catch(e){}
|
||
if(cur) document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme',cur);
|
||
b.addEventListener('click',()=>{
|
||
const now=document.documentElement.getAttribute('data-theme');
|
||
const isDark = now ? now==='dark' : matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches;
|
||
const next=isDark?'light':'dark';
|
||
document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme',next);
|
||
try{localStorage.setItem('pn-theme',next)}catch(e){}
|
||
});
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* ================= PLATE LIBRARY ================= */
|
||
const S=(vb,inner)=>`<svg viewBox="${vb}" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">${inner}</svg>`;
|
||
const ART={};
|
||
|
||
/* --- Ch1: anatomy --- */
|
||
ART.anatomy=S("0 0 200 118",`
|
||
<ellipse cx="52" cy="62" rx="19" ry="15" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="52" cy="62" rx="19" ry="15" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="88" cy="62" rx="20" ry="17" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="88" cy="62" rx="20" ry="17" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="133" cy="63" rx="30" ry="19" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="133" cy="63" rx="30" ry="19" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M118 63h34M124 55l-2 16M136 54l-2 18M148 56l-2 14"/>
|
||
<circle cx="45" cy="56" r="4.5" class="a-st"/><circle cx="45" cy="56" r="1.6" class="a-fs"/>
|
||
<circle cx="50" cy="49" r="1.6" class="a-accf"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M40 54 22 36M42 60 20 52"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M74 52c14-16 42-22 62-14M76 58c16-10 40-12 54-6"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M78 74l-14 22M88 76l-4 26M100 74l14 22"/>
|
||
<circle cx="152" cy="66" r="2.2" class="a-rdf"/><circle cx="140" cy="70" r="2.2" class="a-rdf"/>
|
||
<text x="12" y="30" class="a-lb2">ANTENNAE</text><text x="106" y="24" class="a-lb2">FOREWING</text>
|
||
<text x="30" y="88" class="a-lb">HEAD</text><text x="76" y="112" class="a-lb">THORAX · 3 PR LEGS</text><text x="150" y="94" class="a-lb">ABDOMEN</text>
|
||
<text x="152" y="52" class="a-lb">SPIRACLES</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.simpleMeta=S("0 0 200 104",`
|
||
<circle cx="34" cy="52" r="26" class="a-st a-dash"/><ellipse cx="34" cy="52" rx="9" ry="12" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="34" cy="52" rx="9" ry="12" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<text x="24" y="94" class="a-lb">EGG</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M64 52h16m-4-4 4 4-4 4"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="106" cy="52" rx="17" ry="11" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="106" cy="52" rx="17" ry="11" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M96 46q10-6 20 0M94 60l-6 8M106 63v8M118 60l6 8M96 44l-6-8M116 44l6-8"/>
|
||
<text x="90" y="94" class="a-lb">NYMPH ×5–13</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M132 52h16m-4-4 4 4-4 4"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="174" cy="52" rx="20" ry="12" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="174" cy="52" rx="20" ry="12" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M160 48q14-9 28 0M158 44l-6-8M186 44l6-8M162 61l-5 8M174 64v8M186 61l5 8"/>
|
||
<text x="162" y="94" class="a-lb">ADULT</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="16" class="a-lb2">SIMPLE / GRADUAL — ROACH, TERMITE, EARWIG, TRUE BUG, LOUSE</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.complexMeta=S("0 0 200 104",`
|
||
<ellipse cx="24" cy="52" rx="8" ry="11" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="24" cy="52" rx="8" ry="11" class="a-st"/><text x="14" y="94" class="a-lb">EGG</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M40 52h12m-3-3 3 3-3 3"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M62 56q6-12 14-6t14-2q6 8 0 12t-14 2-14-6z"/><path class="a-st a-th" d="M66 50v10M74 47v14M82 48v13"/>
|
||
<text x="62" y="94" class="a-lb">LARVA</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M98 52h12m-3-3 3 3-3 3"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M118 52q0-14 10-14t10 14-10 16-10-16z"/><path class="a-st a-th a-dash" d="M120 46h20M120 54h20M122 62h16"/>
|
||
<text x="114" y="94" class="a-lb">PUPA</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M146 52h12m-3-3 3 3-3 3"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="178" cy="54" rx="9" ry="13" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="178" cy="54" rx="9" ry="13" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M172 46q-14-14-20 2 8 10 20 2zM184 46q14-14 20 2"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M172 42l-5-8M184 42l5-8"/>
|
||
<text x="166" y="94" class="a-lb">ADULT</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="16" class="a-lb2">COMPLEX / COMPLETE — BEETLE, FLY, FLEA, MOTH, ANT, WASP, BEE</text>`);
|
||
|
||
/* --- Ch3: ant vs termite --- */
|
||
ART.antTermite=S("0 0 200 128",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">TERMITE</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="34" cy="40" rx="10" ry="8" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="34" cy="40" rx="10" ry="8" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="56" cy="41" rx="10" ry="8" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="56" cy="41" rx="10" ry="8" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="84" cy="41" rx="20" ry="9" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="84" cy="41" rx="20" ry="9" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M25 34 8 26M25 40 6 38"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M62 34q34-14 62-2-28 10-62 2zM62 44q34-2 62 10-30 4-62-10z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M48 49l-6 10M58 50v10M68 49l6 10"/>
|
||
<text x="60" y="70" class="a-lb">straight bead antennae · broad waist · wings equal</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-rd a-dash" d="M4 78h192"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="94" class="a-lb2">ANT</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="34" cy="110" rx="10" ry="8" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="34" cy="110" rx="10" ry="8" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="56" cy="110" rx="11" ry="8" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="56" cy="110" rx="11" ry="8" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<circle cx="70" cy="110" r="3.4" class="a-rdf"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="92" cy="110" rx="17" ry="10" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="92" cy="110" rx="17" ry="10" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M25 104 16 98 6 102"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M62 102q30-16 56-4-26 10-56 4zM66 108q22 0 38 8-20 2-38-8z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M48 118l-6 8M58 119v8M68 118l6 8"/>
|
||
<text x="60" y="126" class="a-lb">elbowed antennae · pinched petiole · forewing larger</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.dampwood=S("0 0 200 116",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">SOLDIER · 3/4 IN · 10–20 ANT. SEGMENTS</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-rd" d="M18 40q-8-8-2-12t10 4"/><path class="a-st a-rd" d="M18 52q-8 8-2 12t10-4"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="38" cy="46" rx="17" ry="13" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="38" cy="46" rx="17" ry="13" class="a-st a-rd"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="62" cy="46" rx="9" ry="8" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="92" cy="46" rx="23" ry="10" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="92" cy="46" rx="23" ry="10" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M56 53l-5 9M64 54v9M72 53l5 9M56 39l-5-8M64 38v-8"/>
|
||
<circle cx="34" cy="42" r="1.4" class="a-fs"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="80" class="a-lb2">FECAL PELLETS · 1/32 IN · 6-SIDED, LOOSE</text>
|
||
<g class="a-accf"><ellipse cx="24" cy="96" rx="4" ry="3"/><ellipse cx="38" cy="101" rx="4" ry="3"/><ellipse cx="52" cy="94" rx="4" ry="3"/><ellipse cx="66" cy="100" rx="4" ry="3"/><ellipse cx="80" cy="95" rx="4" ry="3"/><ellipse cx="94" cy="102" rx="4" ry="3"/><ellipse cx="108" cy="96" rx="4" ry="3"/></g>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M14 88h110M14 108h110"/>
|
||
<text x="132" y="98" class="a-lb">SCATTERED</text><text x="132" y="106" class="a-lb">IN GALLERY</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.subter=S("0 0 200 128",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">SOLDIER · 1/4 IN · FONTANELLE · NO EYES</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M16 32q-6-5-1-8t8 3"/><path class="a-st" d="M16 44q-6 5-1 8t8-3"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="34" cy="38" rx="13" ry="10" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="34" cy="38" rx="13" ry="10" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<circle cx="30" cy="34" r="1.3" class="a-accf"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="53" cy="38" rx="7" ry="7" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="78" cy="38" rx="19" ry="8" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="78" cy="38" rx="19" ry="8" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M48 44l-4 8M55 45v8M62 44l4 8"/>
|
||
<text x="112" y="34" class="a-lb">head+mandibles</text><text x="112" y="43" class="a-lb">= 1/2 body length</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M6 116h188"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M6 116v-14h188v14" opacity=".5"/>
|
||
<rect x="20" y="70" width="160" height="8" class="a-fl"/><rect x="20" y="70" width="160" height="8" class="a-st a-th"/>
|
||
<text x="22" y="66" class="a-lb">SILL / JOIST</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M64 116q2-14 4-22t-2-18l2-8"/><path class="a-st a-acc" d="M72 116q0-16-2-24t2-16l-2-6"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc a-th" d="M66 108h5M65 98h6M67 88h5M66 80h6"/>
|
||
<text x="84" y="104" class="a-lb2">MUD SHELTER TUBE</text>
|
||
<text x="84" y="113" class="a-lb">inside scaly / pebbled</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.carpAnt=S("0 0 200 118",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">MAJOR WORKER · HEAD WIDER THAN THORAX</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M22 40 12 32 4 36"/><path class="a-st a-acc" d="M22 46 12 44 4 50"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="38" cy="44" rx="16" ry="13" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="38" cy="44" rx="16" ry="13" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<circle cx="33" cy="39" r="2" class="a-fs"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M56 34q12-6 22 0 6 6 0 14-10 6-22 0" fill="none"/>
|
||
<text x="62" y="26" class="a-lb2">EVENLY CONVEX</text>
|
||
<circle cx="86" cy="45" r="4" class="a-rdf"/><text x="76" y="66" class="a-lb">1 node</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="114" cy="44" rx="21" ry="15" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="114" cy="44" rx="21" ry="15" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M58 52l-8 12M68 54l-2 14M78 52l8 12M58 36l-8-10M68 34v-10"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="86" class="a-lb2">GALLERIES: SANDED SMOOTH · SAWDUST + INSECT PARTS</text>
|
||
<rect x="14" y="92" width="172" height="20" class="a-fl"/><rect x="14" y="92" width="172" height="20" class="a-st a-th"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M24 102q10-8 20 0t20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0"/>
|
||
<g class="a-accf"><circle cx="40" cy="110" r="1.3"/><circle cx="52" cy="112" r="1.3"/><circle cx="70" cy="110" r="1.3"/><circle cx="96" cy="112" r="1.3"/><circle cx="120" cy="110" r="1.3"/></g>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.notchAnt=S("0 0 200 92",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">NOTCHED THORAX = FORMICA / LASIUS · NOT CAMPONOTUS</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M22 44 12 36 4 40"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="38" cy="46" rx="14" ry="12" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="38" cy="46" rx="14" ry="12" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<circle cx="34" cy="42" r="1.8" class="a-fs"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-rd" d="M54 40q6-6 12-2 3-8 8-2 5 5 2 12"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M54 40q0 12 22 8"/>
|
||
<text x="60" y="26" class="a-lb2">NOTCH</text><path class="a-st a-rd a-th" d="M66 30v6"/>
|
||
<circle cx="86" cy="46" r="3.4" class="a-rdf"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="112" cy="46" rx="19" ry="14" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="112" cy="46" rx="19" ry="14" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M58 54l-8 10M68 56l-2 12M78 54l8 10"/>
|
||
<text x="140" y="46" class="a-lb">moisture ant</text><text x="140" y="56" class="a-lb">thatching ant</text><text x="140" y="66" class="a-lb">both notched</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.mound=S("0 0 200 104",`
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M6 92h188"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M40 92q10-46 60-46t60 46z"/>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th" opacity=".8"><path d="M56 84l14-10M70 88l12-14M86 84l14-16M100 88l14-16M116 84l12-12M130 88l10-10M64 76l10-8M92 74l12-10M118 74l10-8"/></g>
|
||
<circle cx="100" cy="60" r="5" class="a-accf"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="16" class="a-lb2">THATCHING ANT MOUND — STICKS, NEEDLES, SOIL</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="102" class="a-lb">Beneficial predators. Treat whole mound + subterranean portion, not just the hole.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.anobiid=S("0 0 200 112",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">ANOBIID · 1/8 IN · HOOD HIDES HEAD · GROOVED ELYTRA</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="52" cy="44" rx="9" ry="8" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="52" cy="44" rx="9" ry="8" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="76" cy="46" rx="18" ry="13" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="76" cy="46" rx="18" ry="13" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M66 36v20M76 34v24M86 37v18"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M46 38 34 30M46 44 32 42"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M62 56l-6 8M70 58l-2 9M82 58l2 9M88 56l6 8"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="80" class="a-lb2">FRASS: GRITTY, PELLET-LIKE</text>
|
||
<g class="a-accf"><circle cx="30" cy="96" r="2.2"/><circle cx="40" cy="100" r="2"/><circle cx="50" cy="94" r="2.4"/><circle cx="60" cy="99" r="2"/><circle cx="70" cy="96" r="2.3"/></g>
|
||
<text x="106" y="80" class="a-lb2">EXIT HOLES 1/16–1/8 IN</text>
|
||
<g class="a-fs" opacity=".5"><circle cx="124" cy="94" r="3"/><circle cx="140" cy="100" r="3"/><circle cx="156" cy="93" r="3"/><circle cx="170" cy="99" r="3"/><circle cx="132" cy="106" r="3"/><circle cx="162" cy="106" r="3"/></g>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.lyctid=S("0 0 200 108",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">LYCTID · HEAD VISIBLE FROM ABOVE · HARDWOOD ONLY</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="46" cy="46" rx="8" ry="7" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="46" cy="46" rx="8" ry="7" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<rect x="56" y="38" width="16" height="16" rx="4" class="a-fl"/><rect x="56" y="38" width="16" height="16" rx="4" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M74 34h34a6 6 0 0 1 6 6v12a6 6 0 0 1-6 6H74z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M94 34v24"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M40 41 30 34M40 50 30 54"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M60 56l-5 8M70 57l-2 9M84 58l-2 9M104 58l4 8"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="82" class="a-lb2">FRASS: FINE AS FACE POWDER</text>
|
||
<path class="a-fs" opacity=".22" d="M20 104q16-16 34-6t34-2 30 8z"/>
|
||
<text x="118" y="82" class="a-lb">oak · ash · bamboo</text>
|
||
<text x="118" y="92" class="a-lb">never Douglas-fir</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.buprestid=S("0 0 200 108",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">GOLDEN BUPRESTID · 3/4 IN · IRIDESCENT GREEN-GOLD</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="44" cy="50" rx="9" ry="7" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="44" cy="50" rx="9" ry="7" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M54 40h20l30 10-30 10H54z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M74 44h24M74 56h24M84 40v20"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M38 46 28 40M38 54 28 58"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M58 60l-4 8M68 61l-2 9M80 61l2 9"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="84" class="a-lb2">EXIT HOLE — OVAL, BROADER THAN HIGH</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="150" cy="52" rx="17" ry="9" class="a-st a-acc"/><ellipse cx="150" cy="52" rx="17" ry="9" class="a-fl"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="98" class="a-lb">Infested before manufacture. Does not reinfest. Advise: spraying is of little value.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.rot=S("0 0 200 110",`
|
||
<rect x="16" y="26" width="80" height="58" rx="3" class="a-fl"/><rect x="16" y="26" width="80" height="58" rx="3" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M16 40h80M16 54h80M16 68h80"/>
|
||
<text x="20" y="20" class="a-lb2">SOUND — FIBROUS BREAK</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M96 40q14 4 22-2M96 54q16 6 24 0M96 68q12 4 20-2"/>
|
||
<rect x="104" y="26" width="80" height="58" rx="3" class="a-fl"/><rect x="104" y="26" width="80" height="58" rx="3" class="a-st a-rd"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-rd a-th" d="M118 26v58M136 26v58M154 26v58M170 26v58M104 46h80M104 64h80"/>
|
||
<text x="108" y="20" class="a-lb2">BROWN ROT — CUBICAL, BRASH</text>
|
||
<text x="16" y="98" class="a-lb">Decay needs moisture >30% MC, ambient temp (60–90°F optimum), oxygen, and wood.</text>
|
||
<text x="16" y="107" class="a-lb">Below 20% MC wood will not decay. Serpula lacrymans is NOT found in Washington.</text>`);
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* --- Ch6: cockroaches --- */
|
||
const roach=(w,body,pron,extra,label)=>S("0 0 200 110",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">${label}</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="100" cy="58" rx="${w}" ry="${body}" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="100" cy="58" rx="${w}" ry="${body}" class="a-st"/>
|
||
${pron}
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M92 34 62 12M108 34 138 12"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M78 46 46 34M78 58 42 58M80 70 48 88M122 46 154 34M122 58 158 58M120 70 152 88"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M96 ${58+body-2}l-6 10M104 ${58+body-2}l6 10"/>
|
||
${extra}`);
|
||
ART.german=roach(26,34,`<ellipse cx="100" cy="34" rx="17" ry="11" class="a-st"/><path class="a-st a-rd" d="M94 26v16M106 26v16"/><path class="a-st a-th a-dash" d="M100 46v44"/>`,
|
||
`<text x="6" y="104" class="a-lb">1/2 in · 30–48 eggs/case · carries ootheca until ~1 day before hatch · 4–8 cases</text>`,
|
||
`GERMAN — BLATTELLA GERMANICA · 2 DARK PRONOTAL STRIPES`);
|
||
ART.oriental=roach(28,36,`<ellipse cx="100" cy="34" rx="18" ry="11" class="a-st"/><path class="a-st a-vd" d="M84 44q16 14 32 0v22q-16 10-32 0z"/>`,
|
||
`<text x="6" y="104" class="a-lb">Female 1 1/4 in, broad, stubby wings · male 1 in, wings cover 2/3 · neither flies</text>`,
|
||
`ORIENTAL — BLATTA ORIENTALIS · GLOSSY BLACK, STUBBY WINGS`);
|
||
ART.american=roach(30,40,`<ellipse cx="100" cy="32" rx="19" ry="11" class="a-st"/><ellipse cx="100" cy="32" rx="19" ry="11" class="a-st a-acc" opacity=".6"/><path class="a-st a-vd" d="M86 42q14 12 28 0v50q-14 8-28 0z"/>`,
|
||
`<text x="6" y="104" class="a-lb">1 1/2 in — largest here · pale band edging pronotum · rare in WA, arrives with produce</text>`,
|
||
`AMERICAN — PERIPLANETA AMERICANA · LIGHT BAND ON SHIELD`);
|
||
ART.brownband=roach(24,32,`<ellipse cx="100" cy="34" rx="16" ry="10" class="a-st"/><path class="a-st a-accf" d="M80 48h40v5H80zM82 62h36v5H82z" fill="var(--brass)" opacity=".5"/>`,
|
||
`<text x="6" y="104" class="a-lb">No pronotal stripes · 2 pale bands · egg cases glued in clusters HIGH — ceilings, art, radios</text>`,
|
||
`BROWNBANDED — SUPELLA LONGIPALPA · TRANSVERSE BANDS`);
|
||
|
||
ART.oothecae=S("0 0 200 118",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">KEY TO EGG CASES</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M22 30h50v22a12 12 0 0 1-12 12H34a12 12 0 0 1-12-12z"/><path class="a-st a-th" d="M28 30v34M36 30v34M44 30v34M52 30v34M60 30v34M68 30v34"/>
|
||
<text x="22" y="78" class="a-lb">GERMAN · <1/4 in</text><text x="22" y="88" class="a-lb">~16 subsegs, long</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M118 30h58v20a14 14 0 0 1-14 14h-30a14 14 0 0 1-14-14z"/><path class="a-st a-th" d="M132 30v34M148 30v34M164 30v34"/>
|
||
<text x="118" y="78" class="a-lb">ORIENTAL · >1/4 in</text><text x="118" y="88" class="a-lb">~8 subsegs, inflated</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-rd a-dash" d="M6 96h188"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="112" class="a-lb">Non-symmetrical case = Brownbanded · Symmetrical, dark, 1/3 in = American</text>`);
|
||
|
||
/* --- Ch7: stored product --- */
|
||
ART.drugstore=S("0 0 200 106",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">DRUGSTORE BEETLE · 1/8 IN · HUMPED · GROOVED WINGS</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="60" cy="58" rx="12" ry="10" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="60" cy="58" rx="12" ry="10" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M70 40q34-4 44 12t-38 18q-14-4-6-30z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M78 42v34M88 42v34M98 44v30M108 48v22"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M52 52 38 44M52 62 36 66"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M70 68l-4 10M84 74l-2 10M100 72l4 10"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="86" class="a-lb">Most frequent bran bug in WESTERN Washington. Bores through wood to reach food.</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="98" class="a-lb">Yeast-like gut symbionts make B vitamins → survives low-quality food. 1–4 gen/yr.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.sawtooth=S("0 0 200 100",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">SAWTOOTHED GRAIN BEETLE · 6 TEETH EACH SIDE OF PRONOTUM</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="44" cy="56" rx="9" ry="7" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="44" cy="56" rx="9" ry="7" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<rect x="54" y="46" width="24" height="20" rx="3" class="a-fl"/><rect x="54" y="46" width="24" height="20" rx="3" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-rd a-th" d="M56 46l-3-5M62 45l-2-5M68 45l-1-5M74 46l2-5M56 66l-3 5M62 67l-2 5M68 67l-1 5M74 66l2 5"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M80 44h44a8 8 0 0 1 8 12l-8 10H80z"/><path class="a-st a-th" d="M100 44v22M112 44v22"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M38 51 28 46M38 61 28 66"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="88" class="a-lb">Major bran bug of EASTERN Washington · 1/8 in, flat, reddish-brown · winged but does not fly</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.granary=S("0 0 200 104",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">GRANARY WEEVIL · 3/16 IN · SNOUT · NO FUNCTIONAL WINGS</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M22 58 40 52"/><path class="a-st a-acc" d="M36 46 30 38M40 52 34 42"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="52" cy="54" rx="11" ry="9" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="52" cy="54" rx="11" ry="9" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="76" cy="56" rx="15" ry="11" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="76" cy="56" rx="15" ry="11" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="118" cy="58" rx="28" ry="15" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="118" cy="58" rx="28" ry="15" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M98 48v20M110 46v24M122 46v24M134 48v20"/>
|
||
<g class="a-fs" opacity=".5"><ellipse cx="96" cy="48" rx="1.6" ry="3"/><ellipse cx="108" cy="46" rx="1.6" ry="3"/></g>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M70 66l-5 10M82 68l2 10M110 72l-2 8M128 72l4 8"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="88" class="a-lb2">RICE WEEVIL = 4 PALE SPOTS + FLIGHT WINGS + SMALLER</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="99" class="a-lb">Granary weevil attacks whole intact grain, not processed flour. Elongate pronotal punctures.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.indianmeal=S("0 0 200 106",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">INDIANMEAL MOTH · 3/4 IN WINGSPAN · TWO-TONE FOREWING</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M100 40v34"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M98 44 34 30q-10 18 6 26l58 6z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M102 44 166 30q10 18-6 26l-58 6z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-fl" d="M98 44 34 30q-10 18 6 26l58 6zM102 44 166 30q10 18-6 26l-58 6z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M70 34 60 62"/><path class="a-st a-acc" d="M130 34 140 62"/>
|
||
<path class="a-accf" opacity=".35" d="M70 34 34 30q-10 18 6 26l20 6zM130 34 166 30q10 18-6 26l-20 6z"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="100" cy="52" rx="5" ry="16" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M97 38 88 26M103 38 112 26"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="88" class="a-lb">Outer 2/3 reddish-copper, inner 1/3 whitish-gray. 100–300 eggs. Larva webs everything it crawls over.</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="100" class="a-lb">Pheromone traps available — integrate into the stored-product program, check them regularly.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.carpetLarva=S("0 0 200 108",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">CARPET BEETLE LARVA — THE DAMAGING STAGE</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M34 58q10-14 34-12t46 4 42 8q-16 12-42 14t-46 2-34-16z"/>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th"><path d="M50 46l-4-10M62 42l-2-11M76 42l0-12M90 42l2-12M106 44l4-12M122 46l6-11M138 48l8-10"/>
|
||
<path d="M50 70l-4 10M64 74l-2 11M80 76v12M96 76l2 12M112 74l4 11M128 70l6 10"/></g>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M156 60q16-4 26-14M158 64q18 0 30-6M158 68q16 4 28 2M156 72q14 8 24 12"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="94" class="a-lb2">TUFT OF LONG HAIRS AT REAR — BLACK CARPET BEETLE</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="105" class="a-lb">Feeds on keratin: wool, fur, feathers, horn, hair. Prefers SOILED protein (body oils, stains).</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.clothesMoth=S("0 0 200 104",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">CASEMAKING CLOTHES MOTH · 3 DARK SPOTS ON WING</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M96 40 40 34q-8 14 4 22l52 6z"/><path class="a-fl" d="M96 40 40 34q-8 14 4 22l52 6z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M100 40 156 34q8 14-4 22l-52 6z"/><path class="a-fl" d="M100 40 156 34q8 14-4 22l-52 6z"/>
|
||
<g class="a-fs"><circle cx="64" cy="44" r="2.2"/><circle cx="76" cy="50" r="2.2"/><circle cx="58" cy="54" r="2.2"/></g>
|
||
<ellipse cx="98" cy="50" rx="4" ry="14" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M95 38 86 28M101 38 110 28"/>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th" opacity=".7"><path d="M42 56l-6 8M52 60l-4 9M144 60l4 9M154 56l6 8"/></g>
|
||
<text x="6" y="84" class="a-lb2">LARVA CARRIES ITS SILKEN CASE EVERYWHERE</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M116 90q10-8 26-6t20 8q-8 8-24 8t-22-10z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M118 92q6 6 4 12"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="98" class="a-lb">Webbing clothes moth spins a tube/mat instead. Both digest keratin.</text>`);
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* --- Ch8 / Ch9 --- */
|
||
ART.clusterFly=S("0 0 200 104",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">CLUSTER FLY — OVERWINTERS AS ADULT IN ATTICS</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="60" cy="56" rx="13" ry="12" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="60" cy="56" rx="13" ry="12" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-fs" opacity=".5" d="M52 48a9 9 0 0 1 8-4 9 9 0 0 1 8 4 9 9 0 0 1-16 0z"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="86" cy="58" rx="14" ry="12" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="86" cy="58" rx="14" ry="12" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="122" cy="60" rx="24" ry="13" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="122" cy="60" rx="24" ry="13" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M92 46q34-20 60-8-24 14-60 8z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M76 68l-6 12M88 70l-2 13M100 68l4 12"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="88" class="a-lb">Maggot is a PARASITE OF EARTHWORMS — an atypical blow fly. Does no damage indoors.</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="99" class="a-lb">Emerges a few at a time all winter, flies to a window, dies there. Screen attic vents; caulk siding gaps.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.mothFly=S("0 0 200 92",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">MOTH / DRAIN FLY · 1/16 IN · HAIRY WINGS HELD ROOFLIKE</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M100 34q-38 4-44 26 12 14 44 12t44-12q-6-22-44-26z"/>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th" opacity=".75"><path d="M62 66l-8 6M72 70l-6 8M84 72l-4 9M100 74v9M116 72l4 9M128 70l6 8M138 66l8 6"/></g>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M96 34 86 22M104 34 114 22"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="82" class="a-lb">Breeds in the organic film inside drains. Scrub with a stiff brush + enzymatic cleaner. NEVER pour insecticide down a drain.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.yjCycle=S("0 0 210 128",`
|
||
<text x="4" y="12" class="a-lb2">YELLOWJACKET — ONE-YEAR COLONY, NESTS NEVER REUSED</text>
|
||
${[["WINTER","inseminated\\nqueen in diapause"],["SPRING","queen builds\\nnew nest"],["SUMMER","workers boom,\\nnest expands"],["LATE SUM","peak, pestiferous,\\nnew reprod. begin"],["EARLY FALL","new queens +\\nmales emerge"],["FALL","mate, males die,\\nnest disintegrates"]].map((d,i)=>{
|
||
const cx=22+i*33, cy=54;
|
||
return `<circle cx="${cx}" cy="${cy}" r="13" class="a-fl"/><circle cx="${cx}" cy="${cy}" r="13" class="a-st ${i===3?'a-rd':'a-acc'}"/>
|
||
<text x="${cx}" y="${cy+3}" class="a-lb2" text-anchor="middle">${i+1}</text>
|
||
<text x="${cx}" y="${cy+26}" class="a-lb" text-anchor="middle">${d[0]}</text>`+(i<5?`<path class="a-st a-th a-acc" d="M${cx+15} ${cy}h5m-2-2 2 2-2 2"/>`:'');
|
||
}).join('')}
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc a-dash" d="M188 54q14 22-8 30H24q-16-6-4-24"/>
|
||
<text x="4" y="112" class="a-lb">Only inseminated queens overwinter — under bark, in stumps, in attics. Up to 4,000 workers; 10–12,000 cells by Aug/Sept.</text>
|
||
<text x="4" y="124" class="a-lb">Remove abandoned nests in attics/eaves — they seed carpet beetles.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.blackWidow=S("0 0 200 118",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">BLACK WIDOW — LATRODECTUS HESPERUS</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="100" cy="64" rx="26" ry="26" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="100" cy="64" rx="26" ry="26" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="100" cy="36" rx="11" ry="9" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="100" cy="36" rx="11" ry="9" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-rdf" d="M100 56l7 9-7 7-7-7z"/><path class="a-rdf" d="M100 84l7-9-7-7-7 7z"/>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th"><path d="M90 34 56 14 34 24M92 40 50 34 24 44M92 46 52 54 26 68M94 52 58 74 40 92M110 34 144 14 166 24M108 40 150 34 176 44M108 46 148 54 174 68M106 52 142 74 160 92"/></g>
|
||
<text x="6" y="104" class="a-lb2">RED HOURGLASS — VENTRAL SURFACE OF ABDOMEN</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="115" class="a-lb">Nerve toxin: rigid, board-like abdomen + severe cramps. Seldom fatal. Mostly eastern WA; isolated western populations.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.hobo=S("0 0 200 112",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">HOBO SPIDER — TEGENARIA AGRESTIS · FUNNEL WEAVER</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M10 92q30-40 74-40 30 0 44 14"/><path class="a-st a-vd a-th" d="M18 92q26-32 66-32M28 92q22-26 56-26M40 92q18-20 46-20"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M128 66q22-8 40 6-18 16-40 8z"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="112" cy="62" rx="15" ry="11" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="112" cy="62" rx="15" ry="11" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="90" cy="60" rx="9" ry="8" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="90" cy="60" rx="9" ry="8" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M124 58l10-2M124 66l10 3"/>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th"><path d="M84 54 70 38M84 58 64 50M86 64 66 70M88 68 72 82"/></g>
|
||
<text x="6" y="100" class="a-lb">"Aggressive house spider" is a retired, inaccurate name. Runs 15–20 in/sec. Mature males & females most abundant in fall.</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="110" class="a-lb">Bite frequently MISdiagnosed as brown recluse. Brown recluse is NOT established here — its range is the southeastern U.S.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.mosquito=S("0 0 200 122",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">MOSQUITO — BREAK THE CYCLE BY MANAGING WATER</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M6 58h188"/>
|
||
<text x="150" y="54" class="a-lb">water line</text>
|
||
<g><path class="a-st" d="M20 66q8-4 16 0t16 0"/><g class="a-fs"><ellipse cx="22" cy="70" rx="3" ry="5"/><ellipse cx="30" cy="70" rx="3" ry="5"/><ellipse cx="38" cy="70" rx="3" ry="5"/><ellipse cx="46" cy="70" rx="3" ry="5"/></g>
|
||
<text x="18" y="94" class="a-lb">EGG raft</text><text x="14" y="104" class="a-lb">hours / winter</text></g>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M60 76h12m-3-3 3 3-3 3"/>
|
||
<g><path class="a-st" d="M82 62q10 6 4 16t2 16"/><circle cx="82" cy="60" r="5" class="a-st"/><path class="a-st a-th" d="M88 94q6 4 10 0"/>
|
||
<text x="76" y="104" class="a-lb">LARVA "wiggler" · days</text></g>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M114 76h12m-3-3 3 3-3 3"/>
|
||
<g><path class="a-st a-fl" d="M138 62a10 10 0 0 1 18 6q0 10-12 14-6-8 0-14"/><path class="a-st" d="M138 62a10 10 0 0 1 18 6q0 10-12 14"/>
|
||
<text x="128" y="104" class="a-lb">PUPA "tumbler" · hours</text></g>
|
||
<g transform="translate(178,34)"><ellipse cx="0" cy="0" rx="4" ry="9" class="a-st"/><path class="a-st a-th" d="M0-9 0-18M-3-4-14-12M3-4 14-12M-2 8-8 18M2 8 8 18"/></g>
|
||
<text x="160" y="24" class="a-lb">ADULT</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="118" class="a-lb">37 species in WA. West Nile: birds are the reservoir; horses are highly susceptible — 2 doses 3–6 wks apart, immunity 5–6 wks after the 2nd, annual booster.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.flea=S("0 0 200 100",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">FLEA — LATERALLY FLATTENED, WINGLESS, JUMPING LEGS</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M70 34q30-4 44 16t-14 34q-26 4-36-16t6-34z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M68 40 52 34M66 48 48 48"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M74 62 58 84M92 70 78 92M112 66q10 22-6 30M112 66 140 78"/>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th" opacity=".7"><path d="M84 38v28M96 36v32M108 40v28"/></g>
|
||
<text x="6" y="86" class="a-lb">Egg ~10 d · larva 10–14 d (eats debris + dried adult flea feces) · pupa 7–14 d in a debris-encrusted cocoon.</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="97" class="a-lb">Cocoons wait for a host cue — pressure and vibration. Control FLEAS BEFORE RODENTS so fleas don't shift to humans.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.tick=S("0 0 200 106",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">HARD (IXODID) TICK — SCUTUM VISIBLE, MOUTHPARTS VISIBLE FROM ABOVE</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="100" cy="62" rx="30" ry="24" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="100" cy="62" rx="30" ry="24" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc a-fl" d="M100 38q-16 0-18 14t18 14 18-14-2-14z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M92 34h16l4-10h-24z"/><path class="a-st a-th" d="M100 24v-8M96 26l-4-6M104 26l4-6"/>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th"><path d="M74 46 52 34M72 56 46 52M74 68 50 74M78 78 60 92M126 46 148 34M128 56 154 52M126 68 150 74M122 78 140 92"/></g>
|
||
<text x="6" y="92" class="a-lb">3 hosts, 3 blood meals, 2–3 yr cycle. Larva 6 legs; nymph & adult 8. Soft (argasid) ticks lack the plate, feed <1 hr at night.</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="103" class="a-lb">WA: Rocky Mountain wood tick & American dog tick → RMSF, tularemia. Ixodes pacificus → Lyme. Ornithodoros → relapsing fever.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.bedbug=S("0 0 200 112",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">BED BUG — CIMEX LECTULARIUS · 3/16 IN ADULT · WINGLESS</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="100" cy="60" rx="34" ry="26" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="100" cy="60" rx="34" ry="26" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M100 42v36M70 56h60M74 68h52M78 78h44"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="100" cy="32" rx="12" ry="8" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-rd" d="M100 32v12"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M92 28 76 18M108 28 124 18"/>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th"><path d="M70 48 52 38M68 62 46 62M72 76 54 88M130 48 148 38M132 62 154 62M128 76 146 88"/></g>
|
||
<text x="6" y="94" class="a-lb">Piercing-sucking mouthparts. Injects an anesthetic + anticoagulant, so bites go unnoticed for up to a week or more.</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="105" class="a-lb">Gradual metamorphosis. Survives 3–4 months unfed, but must feed between each molt. Lives 5–20 ft from where people sleep.</text>`);
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* --- Ch11: vertebrates --- */
|
||
ART.rodentID=S("0 0 210 150",`
|
||
<text x="4" y="12" class="a-lb2">DOMESTIC RODENT FIELD IDENTIFICATION</text>
|
||
<g transform="translate(4,18)">
|
||
<text x="0" y="10" class="a-lb2">ROOF RAT · RATTUS RATTUS</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="62" cy="30" rx="34" ry="15" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="62" cy="30" rx="34" ry="15" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M28 30q-10-2-14-8 6 12 0 16 8-4 14-8z"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="24" cy="24" rx="9" ry="9" class="a-st a-rd"/>
|
||
<circle cx="18" cy="30" r="1.6" class="a-fs"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M96 30q34 4 44-14"/>
|
||
<text x="120" y="10" class="a-lb">TAIL > HEAD+BODY</text>
|
||
<text x="120" y="20" class="a-lb">large ear covers eye</text>
|
||
<text x="120" y="30" class="a-lb">pointed muzzle · slender</text>
|
||
<text x="120" y="40" class="a-lb">climbs · nests high</text>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<g transform="translate(4,68)">
|
||
<text x="0" y="10" class="a-lb2">NORWAY RAT · RATTUS NORVEGICUS</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="64" cy="30" rx="38" ry="18" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="64" cy="30" rx="38" ry="18" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M26 30q-8-4-12-10 4 14-2 18 8-4 14-8z"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="26" cy="20" rx="6" ry="6" class="a-st a-rd"/>
|
||
<circle cx="16" cy="30" r="1.6" class="a-fs"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M102 32q26 2 34-10"/>
|
||
<text x="120" y="10" class="a-lb">TAIL < HEAD+BODY</text>
|
||
<text x="120" y="20" class="a-lb">small ear, won't reach eye</text>
|
||
<text x="120" y="30" class="a-lb">BLUNT muzzle · heavy body</text>
|
||
<text x="120" y="40" class="a-lb">burrows · lives on the ground</text>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<g transform="translate(4,118)">
|
||
<text x="0" y="8" class="a-lb2">HOUSE MOUSE · MUS MUSCULUS</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="46" cy="22" rx="20" ry="10" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="46" cy="22" rx="20" ry="10" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<ellipse cx="30" cy="15" rx="7" ry="7" class="a-st a-rd"/><circle cx="26" cy="22" r="1.3" class="a-fs"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M66 22q22 2 28-8"/>
|
||
<text x="108" y="10" class="a-lb">3 1/2 in body, tail ≈ body · LARGE ears, small feet</text>
|
||
<text x="108" y="20" class="a-lb">fits a 1/4 in gap · jumps 12 in · ~8 lb food/yr</text>
|
||
<text x="108" y="30" class="a-lb">Young rat: large head & feet for its size — don't confuse.</text>
|
||
</g>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.trapSet=S("0 0 200 132",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">SNAP TRAP PLACEMENT — THE TRIGGER GOES NEXT TO THE WALL</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M6 34h188" opacity=".4"/>
|
||
<g transform="translate(14,40)">
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M0 0h74"/><text x="0" y="-4" class="a-lb2" fill="var(--verdigris)">RIGHT · SINGLE</text>
|
||
<rect x="14" y="4" width="46" height="18" rx="2" class="a-fl"/><rect x="14" y="4" width="46" height="18" rx="2" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<rect x="16" y="5" width="12" height="16" rx="1" class="a-vdf" opacity=".55"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M34 6v14M44 6v14"/>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<g transform="translate(112,40)">
|
||
<path class="a-st a-vd" d="M0 0h74"/><text x="0" y="-4" class="a-lb2" fill="var(--verdigris)">RIGHT · DOUBLE</text>
|
||
<rect x="6" y="4" width="34" height="16" rx="2" class="a-fl"/><rect x="6" y="4" width="34" height="16" rx="2" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<rect x="6" y="5" width="10" height="14" class="a-vdf" opacity=".55"/>
|
||
<rect x="42" y="4" width="34" height="16" rx="2" class="a-fl"/><rect x="42" y="4" width="34" height="16" rx="2" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<rect x="66" y="5" width="10" height="14" class="a-vdf" opacity=".55"/>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<g transform="translate(14,86)">
|
||
<path class="a-st a-rd" d="M0 0h74"/><text x="0" y="-4" class="a-lb2" fill="var(--crimson)">WRONG · TRIGGER AWAY</text>
|
||
<rect x="14" y="4" width="46" height="18" rx="2" class="a-fl"/><rect x="14" y="4" width="46" height="18" rx="2" class="a-st a-rd"/>
|
||
<rect x="46" y="5" width="12" height="16" class="a-rdf" opacity=".5"/>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<g transform="translate(112,86)">
|
||
<path class="a-st a-rd" d="M0 0h74"/><text x="0" y="-4" class="a-lb2" fill="var(--crimson)">WRONG · TOO FAR OUT</text>
|
||
<rect x="20" y="14" width="46" height="18" rx="2" class="a-fl"/><rect x="20" y="14" width="46" height="18" rx="2" class="a-st a-rd"/>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<text x="6" y="128" class="a-lb">Rodents run walls by feel (vibrissae + guard hairs). Human and dead-rodent odors on traps do NOT reduce success.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.moleGopher=S("0 0 200 122",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">MOLEHILL — VOLCANO, PLUG PUSHED UP THROUGH THE CENTRE</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M6 58h90"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M18 58q12-26 32-26t32 26z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M40 44q10-8 20 0"/><circle cx="50" cy="36" r="3" class="a-accf"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M50 58v14"/><path class="a-st a-acc a-dash" d="M20 76h64"/>
|
||
<text x="16" y="88" class="a-lb">runway 6–20 in deep</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-rd a-dash" d="M100 20v78"/>
|
||
<text x="106" y="12" class="a-lb2">GOPHER MOUND — FAN, PLUG OFF TO ONE SIDE</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M104 58h90"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M112 58q26-22 52-6z"/>
|
||
<circle cx="166" cy="53" r="4" class="a-rdf"/><text x="152" y="42" class="a-lb">plug</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc a-dash" d="M150 58v10h-38"/>
|
||
<text x="106" y="88" class="a-lb">main burrow 12–18 in from the plug</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="106" class="a-lb">Mole diet: earthworms + insects, ~40 lb/yr, travels up to half a mile a day. 3 young once a year, born late March–early May.</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="117" class="a-lb">Trapping is the only consistently effective mole control — and WA's 2002 initiative bans body-gripping traps for it.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.droppings=S("0 0 200 118",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">DROPPING KEY</text>
|
||
<g transform="translate(10,24)">
|
||
<g class="a-fs"><path d="M0 8q6-8 12 0T24 8"/></g>
|
||
<ellipse cx="6" cy="8" rx="7" ry="3" class="a-fs"/><ellipse cx="22" cy="14" rx="7" ry="3" class="a-fs"/>
|
||
<text x="0" y="30" class="a-lb2">HOUSE MOUSE</text><text x="0" y="40" class="a-lb">3/16–1/2 in · pointed both ends</text>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<g transform="translate(110,24)">
|
||
<path class="a-fs" d="M0 4h26a4 4 0 0 1 0 9H0a4 4 0 0 1 0-9z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-fs" d="M6 18h24a4 4 0 0 1 0 9H6a4 4 0 0 1 0-9z"/>
|
||
<text x="0" y="40" class="a-lb2">NORWAY RAT</text>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<g transform="translate(10,80)">
|
||
<path class="a-fs" d="M0 4h22a4 4 0 0 1 0 8H0a4 4 0 0 1 0-8z"/>
|
||
<text x="0" y="26" class="a-lb2">ROOF RAT</text><text x="0" y="36" class="a-lb">1/3–1/2 in · pointed ends, thinner</text>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<g transform="translate(110,80)">
|
||
<g class="a-accf"><ellipse cx="4" cy="8" rx="7" ry="3"/><ellipse cx="20" cy="6" rx="7" ry="3"/><ellipse cx="12" cy="15" rx="7" ry="3"/></g>
|
||
<text x="0" y="26" class="a-lb2">BAT</text><text x="0" y="36" class="a-lb">crumbles · shiny insect cuticle</text>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<text x="6" y="20" class="a-lb" x2="0"></text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.bat=S("0 0 200 96",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">BATS — 14 SPECIES IN WA · ONLY MAMMAL THAT TRULY FLIES</text>
|
||
<ellipse cx="100" cy="52" rx="8" ry="16" class="a-fl"/><ellipse cx="100" cy="52" rx="8" ry="16" class="a-st"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M96 38q-4-10 2-12t6 12"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M97 28l-4-8M103 28l4-8"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M94 42q-30-16-56-4 6 6 2 12 20-4 30 6 12 4 24-2z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M106 42q30-16 56-4-6 6-2 12-20-4-30 6-12 4-24-2z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M94 44 62 40M92 50 56 54M92 56 66 62M106 44 138 40M108 50 144 54M108 56 134 62"/>
|
||
<text x="6" y="82" class="a-lb">Rabies is the key hazard — never touch a bat bare-handed. Guano → histoplasmosis; dampen before removal, wear a respirator.</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="92" class="a-lb">Exclude AFTER dark in the FALL, once young can fly. Naphthalene is the only EPA-registered indoor roost chemical. No fumigant is registered.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
/* --- Ch2 equipment --- */
|
||
ART.sprayer=S("0 0 200 128",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">COMPRESSED-AIR SPRAYER — THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT TOOL</text>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M40 40h34v66a6 6 0 0 1-6 6H46a6 6 0 0 1-6-6z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M40 40h34v66a6 6 0 0 1-6 6H46a6 6 0 0 1-6-6z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M46 40V28h22v12"/><path class="a-st a-acc" d="M57 28V14M50 16h14"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M74 56h30l14 10"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M118 66h44"/><path class="a-st a-th" d="M150 60h16v12h-16z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M166 66l16-8M166 66l16 8M166 66h18"/>
|
||
<text x="94" y="50" class="a-lb">wand + valve</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="100" class="a-lb2">40 PSI ≈ 20–25 STROKES → FAN PATTERN</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="112" class="a-lb2">5–20 PSI ≈ 5–15 STROKES → PINSTREAM / CRACK & CREVICE</text>
|
||
<text x="6" y="124" class="a-lb">Clean clogged tips with a stiff bristle brush only. Never a metal object. Never blow one out with your mouth.</text>`);
|
||
|
||
ART.ipm=S("0 0 200 132",`
|
||
<text x="6" y="12" class="a-lb2">SIX STEPS TO IPM</text>
|
||
${["Understand & educate the customer","Analyze the pest problem","Short-term corrective action","Long-term preventive action","Inspect, document, evaluate","Report back to the client"].map((t,i)=>`
|
||
<circle cx="20" cy="${30+i*17}" r="7" class="a-st a-acc"/><text x="20" y="${33+i*17}" class="a-lb2" text-anchor="middle">${i+1}</text>
|
||
<text x="34" y="${33+i*17}" class="a-lb">${t}</text>
|
||
${i<5?`<path class="a-st a-th a-acc" d="M20 ${37+i*17}v3"/>`:''}`).join('')}
|
||
<text x="6" y="128" class="a-lb">IPM decides IF, WHERE, WHEN and WHICH — it never prohibits pesticides.</text>`);
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* ================= CHAPTERS ================= */
|
||
const CH=[];
|
||
CH.push({n:1,title:"Basic Entomology",short:"Entomology",who:"Both",
|
||
blurb:"Anatomy, metamorphosis, the thirteen orders you will actually meet, and the non-insect arthropods that walk into every service call.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"anatomy",cap:"Fig. 1-3 · Parts of an insect",h:"What makes an insect an insect",
|
||
body:["Insects are invertebrates carrying an <strong>exoskeleton</strong>. Three characters separate them from their close relatives: <strong>three body regions</strong> (head, thorax, abdomen), <strong>three pairs of legs on the thorax</strong>, and <strong>one pair of antennae</strong>. Many adults carry one or two pairs of wings.",
|
||
"Roughly 1 million species have been described of perhaps 30 million that exist. <strong>Less than 1% are pests</strong> of humans, animals, crops or fiber — most are beneficial or harmless. The termite that destroys a sill plate is the same animal that recycles a fallen log."],
|
||
facts:[["Phylum","Arthropoda — \"jointed foot\""],["Class","Insecta / Hexapoda — \"six feet\""],["Scientific name","Genus + species + author, e.g. <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (Linn.)"],["Example","Order Blattodea → Family Blattidae → <i>Blattella germanica</i>"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Never guess an ID",x:"Do not make recommendations from a client's verbal description. Insist on seeing the pest, or at least its damage. A misidentified beneficial costs a needless application, disrupts natural control, and makes you look unprofessional when the customer finds out."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"simpleMeta",cap:"Fig. 1-1 · Simple metamorphosis",h:"Simple / gradual metamorphosis",tags:[["n","EGG → NYMPH → ADULT"]],
|
||
body:["Three stages. Nymphs closely resemble adults, share their feeding habits, and develop wing buds early — but functional wings appear only in the adult. Nymphs may molt five to thirteen times."],
|
||
facts:[["Who","Cockroaches, earwigs, <strong>termites</strong>, lice, true bugs (incl. bed bugs), aphids"],["Instar","The period between molts — a 3rd instar nymph sits between the 2nd molt and the next molt"],["Ametabolous","No metamorphosis at all: silverfish, firebrats, springtails — they only get bigger"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"complexMeta",cap:"Fig. 1-2 · Complex metamorphosis",h:"Complex / complete metamorphosis",tags:[["n","EGG → LARVA → PUPA → ADULT"]],
|
||
body:["Four stages, and the larva looks nothing like the adult. In pest species the <strong>larva is usually the destructive stage</strong>. The pupa does not feed and in most cases does not move."],
|
||
facts:[["Who","Beetles & weevils, flies, fleas, moths & butterflies, ants, wasps, bees"],["Maggot","Advanced fly larva with no head capsule; mosquito larvae do have one"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"The classic exam pair",x:"Termites and grasshoppers = SIMPLE. Beetles and weevils = COMPLEX. Ants = egg, larva, pupa, adult. Cockroaches = egg, nymph, adult."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"antTermite",cap:"Fig. 3-1 · Ant vs. termite",h:"The thirteen orders that matter",
|
||
body:["<strong>Thysanura</strong> silverfish & firebrats — ~12 mm, scaled, no metamorphosis, chewing, long antennae plus three anal appendages, wingless; eat paper, paste, fabric, book bindings. Firebrats favour warm places.",
|
||
"<strong>Collembola</strong> springtails — near-microscopic, no metamorphosis, ventral spring for escape, abundant in moisture; look like \"moving piles of soot\".",
|
||
"<strong>Orthoptera</strong> grasshoppers, crickets, camel crickets — simple metamorphosis, chewing, enlarged jumping hind legs, cerci present.",
|
||
"<strong>Blattodea</strong> cockroaches <em>and termites</em> — simple metamorphosis, chewing. Roaches lay an <strong>ootheca</strong> and are nocturnal crack-and-crevice dwellers. Termites digest cellulose, have straight bead-like antennae, equal-length wing pairs, and a caste system.",
|
||
"<strong>Dermaptera</strong> earwigs — forceps at the abdomen tip, short hardened tegmina, mostly scavengers, sometimes beneficial predators.",
|
||
"<strong>Psocoptera</strong> book/bark lice — tiny, termite-like, feed on mould, fungi and starchy book bindings.",
|
||
"<strong>Hemiptera</strong> true bugs, aphids, scales, leafhoppers — <strong>piercing-sucking</strong> mouthparts, simple metamorphosis, hemelytra thickened at the base; many produce honeydew that ants tend and fungus grows on.",
|
||
"<strong>Coleoptera</strong> beetles & weevils — hardened elytra over membranous hind wings, complex metamorphosis; weevil larvae lack thoracic legs.",
|
||
"<strong>Lepidoptera</strong> moths & butterflies — scaled wings, coiled sucking proboscis in adults, chewing larvae with prolegs, produce natural silk. Butterfly antennae are knobbed filaments.",
|
||
"<strong>Diptera</strong> flies, mosquitoes, gnats, midges — a <strong>single pair</strong> of membranous wings; sponging or piercing-sucking adults.",
|
||
"<strong>Siphonaptera</strong> fleas — laterally flattened, wingless, powerful jumping legs, piercing-sucking adults and chewing larvae.",
|
||
"<strong>Hymenoptera</strong> bees, wasps, ants, sawflies — two pairs of membranous wings of unequal size, chewing mouthparts, ants have elbowed antennae, many highly social.",
|
||
"<strong>Other orders</strong> of no real concern: Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Neuroptera, Thysanoptera, Mecoptera; plus Anoplura (sucking lice) and Mallophaga (chewing lice)."],
|
||
calls:[{t:"",h:"Ant or termite?",x:"Termite: straight beadlike antennae, waist broadly joined, both wing pairs equal. Ant: elbowed antennae, narrow petiole, forewings much larger than hind wings."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"blackWidow",cap:"Class Arachnida",h:"Insect-like pests that are not insects",
|
||
body:["<strong>Mites</strong> — two body regions, thick waist, four pairs of legs, no antennae. <strong>Spiders</strong> — cephalothorax + abdomen clearly separated by a thin waist, four pairs of legs; mostly beneficial predators. <strong>Ticks</strong> — large mites, parasitic; hard (ixodid) ticks have a dorsal plate and mouthparts visible from above, soft (argasid) ticks have neither. <strong>Scorpions</strong> — five pairs of anterior appendages, front pair clawed, ~1½ in, stinger-tipped tail; deserts of eastern Washington.",
|
||
"<strong>Millipedes</strong> (Diplopoda) — rounded in section, two pairs of legs per segment, slow, eat fungus and decaying plants. <strong>Centipedes</strong> (Chilopoda) — flattened, <em>one</em> pair per segment, fast, beneficial predators with poison jaws. <strong>Sowbugs & pillbugs</strong> (Crustacea) — plated convex shell, moisture-dependent; pillbugs roll into a ball. <strong>Symphylans</strong> (Symphyla) — tiny centipede-like garden pests, 12 pairs of legs, no eyes."],
|
||
facts:[["Sun-scorpion","Eastern WA, up to 2 in, large jaws, NO poison glands — bite hurts like a bee sting"],["Pseudoscorpion","Tiny, no sting, beneficial; arrives on firewood"]]}
|
||
]});
|
||
|
||
CH.push({n:2,title:"Pest Management",short:"IPM & Equipment",who:"Both",
|
||
blurb:"The 1997 statutory definition of IPM, the six steps, application methods, every piece of equipment, and the label math you will be asked to do.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"ipm",cap:"Six steps to IPM",h:"IPM is a decision-making process",
|
||
body:["Washington's 1997 legislative definition: <em>a coordinated decision-making and action process that uses the most appropriate pest control methods and strategy in an environmentally and economically sound manner to meet agency programmatic pest management objectives.</em>",
|
||
"You decide <strong>IF</strong> treatment is necessary, <strong>WHERE</strong> it should occur, <strong>WHEN</strong> it takes place, and <strong>WHICH</strong> treatment to use. IPM does not prohibit chemicals — but simply switching from one pesticide to another is not an IPM program."],
|
||
facts:[["Element a","Preventing pest problems"],["Element b","Monitoring for pests and damage"],["Element c","Establishing tolerable density / thresholds"],["Element d","Treating below threshold with biological, cultural, mechanical, chemical methods"],["Element e","Evaluating effects and efficacy"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Injury level vs. action level",x:"<strong>Injury level</strong> — the level of damage or numbers of a pest that cause unacceptable injury. <strong>Action level / threshold</strong> — the level of pest damage or numbers that requires management to prevent them reaching the injury level. Injury takes three forms: economic, medical, aesthetic."},
|
||
{t:"",h:"The first step is identification",x:"How can you treat for cockroaches without knowing which species is present? Active subterranean termites in a home require treatment; the same termites in an abandoned building may not."}],
|
||
table:{head:["Toolbox","Examples"],rows:[["Physical","Manual removal, vacuums, caulk, screens, sticky and light traps"],["Cultural","Watering/fertilizing timing, habitat modification (food, water, harborage), customer education"],["Biological","Conserve existing biocontrols, leave flowering plants as pollen sources, release natural enemies — best suited to urban landscapes and greenhouses"],["Chemical","Pheromones, repellents, baits, least-toxic pesticides"]]}},
|
||
|
||
{art:"sprayer",cap:"Compressed-air sprayer",h:"Application methods on the label",
|
||
body:["A <strong>pesticide</strong> is any chemical that controls a pest — insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, and legally also plant growth regulators, desiccants and defoliants. \"Pesticide\" is not a synonym for \"insecticide\"."],
|
||
table:{head:["Method","Definition"],rows:[
|
||
["Crack & crevice","Small amounts placed into the cracks insects hide in or travel through — expansion joints, junctions between construction elements, equipment-to-floor gaps"],
|
||
["General treatment","Broad expanses: walls, floors, ceilings, or an outside treatment"],
|
||
["Perimeter spray","The area immediately adjacent to a structure, sometimes including its lower portion"],
|
||
["Spot treatment","Small discrete areas — for insects in structures, <strong>no larger than 2 square feet</strong>, and not where food, utensils or people will contact it"],
|
||
["Space treatment","Insecticide dispersed into the air for flying insects and exposed crawling insects"],
|
||
["Space fumigation","Fumigant gas released into a sealed area; people and pets removed, ventilation before reentry"]]},
|
||
calls:[{t:"",h:"Pressure sets the pattern",x:"1-gallon sprayer: 40 psi (20–25 strokes) gives a fan pattern; 5–20 psi (5–15 strokes) gives a pinstream for crack & crevice. Too high a pressure makes drift-prone fine particles; too low makes coarse sprays that spot surfaces and control poorly."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"anobiid",cap:"Equipment selection",h:"Dusters, foggers, ULV and droplet size",
|
||
body:["<strong>Hand bellows & bulb dusters</strong> — small quantities, careful placement, neatness; use with the tube on top while squeezing. <strong>Plunger/hand dusters</strong> — wall and attic voids, larger quantities. <strong>Foot pump</strong> — rodent burrows. <strong>Rotary dusters</strong> — 5–10 lb hopper, hand crank, large outdoor areas; electric models for crawl spaces and attics. <strong>Pressure dusters</strong> — powerful; yellowjacket nests outdoors and wall voids for carpenter ants. <strong>Electric dusters</strong> — modulated air stream, more control."],
|
||
table:{head:["Droplet source","Size (microns)"],rows:[["Foggers","0.001 – 50"],["ULV equipment","1 – 15 (distribution depends on 1–3 µm droplets)"],["Pressurized aerosol dispensers","25 – 50"],["Mist blowers","50 – 100"],["Human hair, for scale","≈ 50"]]},
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Thermal fogs can explode",x:"Too high a fog concentration plus a spark or pilot light. Shut off all pilot lights at the main gas valve before treatment, and do not switch electrics on or off while fog is in the air. Flame models are started outdoors."},
|
||
{t:"",h:"ULV notes",x:"Effective on flying insects, good flushing action for cockroaches, often used after a residual. Particles float for hours in still air. Needs temperature above 50°F and room-temperature product. In flour mills, motors must be explosion-proof and gasoline engines are prohibited. Disadvantages: slick residue if oversprayed, poor results in ventilated areas, some fire hazard — though less than a thermal fogger."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"lyctid",cap:"Calibration",h:"Calibration and label math",
|
||
body:["Calibration ensures equipment applies the correct amount uniformly. Too little means poor control; too much means environmental and health problems and wasted money. Delivery rates drift with gauge error and wear.",
|
||
"Method: keep the unknown on top, and keep units on the same side of the division line on both sides of the equals sign. Multiply the lower right by the upper left, then divide by the lower left."],
|
||
facts:[["Output","1 gal dispensed in 25 sec → 1 gal × 60/25 = <strong>2.4 gpm</strong>"],["Area rate","1 gal / 1500 sq ft → for 100 sq ft: 100/1500 = 0.067 gal = <strong>8.5 fl oz</strong>"],["1.0% mix","128 fl oz × 0.01 = <strong>1.28 oz product</strong> per finished gallon"],["Pre-construction","40×60 ft foundation, both sides, 1 ft deep at 4 gal/10 linear ft/ft: 200 lin ft × 2 = 400 → (4×400)/10 = <strong>160 gal</strong>"],["Post-construction","50×30 ft basement, footing 1.5 ft: 160 lin ft × 1.5 = 240 → (4×240)/10 = <strong>96 gal</strong>"],["Three rooms","12×24 + 15×16 + 10×12 = 648 sq ft → 648/1500 = 0.432 gal = <strong>55.3 fl oz</strong>"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"",h:"Space fumigation is a last resort",x:"Only appropriate when normal methods will not control the problem — rare in the Pacific Northwest. Examples: a severe lyctid infestation in hardwood floors and cabinets, or carpenter ants in the ceiling void of a mobile home."}]}
|
||
]});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
CH.push({n:3,title:"Termites",short:"Termites",who:"General",
|
||
blurb:"Two species matter in Washington. Learn which is a primary WDO, which is a moisture flag, and how their pellets, tubes and swarm seasons differ.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"dampwood",cap:"Pacific dampwood termite",h:"Pacific dampwood termite",sci:"Zootermopsis angusticollis",tags:[["wdo2","SECONDARY WDO"],["med","SWARMS LATE SUMMER / FALL"]],
|
||
body:["The <strong>largest</strong> termite in Washington. Winged forms may exceed 1 inch including wings, cream to dark brown. Soldiers are about <strong>¾ inch</strong> with a large reddish-brown to blackish head making up a third of their length. Nymphs are white to cream, about ½ inch.",
|
||
"There is <strong>no worker caste</strong> — nymphs of soldiers and reproductives do the work. They live in the wood they eat rather than returning to soil.",
|
||
"Attack requires wet or damp wood: soil contact, leaky plumbing, leaky roofs or gutters, faulty grades on porches and patios, condensation in poorly ventilated crawl spaces, rain-soaked firewood leaning on the house."],
|
||
facts:[["Swarm","Warm evenings in <strong>late summer or fall</strong>, especially after rain"],["Pellets","≈1/32 in, slightly hexagonal, <strong>loosely scattered</strong> on gallery floors (or stuck loosely to gallery sides in very damp wood)"],["Soldier antennae","10–20 segments"],["Meaning","An active colony under a house is an <strong>indication of a moisture problem</strong>"],["Control","Eliminate/repair unsound wood and correct moisture. Chemicals alone will not eliminate it"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Do not chemical-patch a moisture problem",x:"Where crawl space moisture repairs are very expensive, spraying soil surface and substructure buys temporary respite only — and the manual explicitly says applications of this nature should not be encouraged."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"subter",cap:"Western subterranean termite + mud tube",h:"Western subterranean termite",sci:"Reticulitermes hesperus",tags:[["wdo1","PRIMARY WDO"],["med","W. WA SWARMS IN FALL"]],
|
||
body:["Much smaller: the winged form is about <strong>3/8 inch</strong> including wings, dark brown to brownish-black with brownish-gray wings. Soldiers are ~¼ inch, cream head with black mandibles, nearly half their length head and mandibles. Workers are cream, about 3/16 inch.",
|
||
"Nests are in <strong>soil</strong>, sometimes 10–20 feet deep near buried stumps or logs. Because they must return to soil for moisture, any wood structure is a potential invasion site — and they attack dry, sound wood.",
|
||
"Most infestations begin when a building is constructed near or on a pre-existing nest. Slab foundations are no deterrent: cold joints, frost cracks and plumbing penetrations are easy entries."],
|
||
facts:[["Evidence","Mud shelter tubes, swarms, visible damage, tapping sounds soldiers make when disturbed"],["Tube interior","<strong>Scaly or pebbled</strong> — from clumped fecal material"],["Pellets","Clumped in galleries or built into tubes — rarely loose"],["Galleries","Much smaller than dampwood galleries"],["Swarm","<strong>Eastern WA: spring. Western WA: fall.</strong> Any time of year depending on weather"],["Confusion","Tubes can be mistaken for those of moisture ants"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"",h:"Treatment = a barrier",x:"Soil injection, sub-slab injection, or trenching along inside and outside foundation walls and all inside bearing walls. Concrete porches/patios adjacent to walls must be drilled — a rotohammer with a sub-slab injector."},
|
||
{t:"law",h:"Warn the owner before you drill",x:"Slabs may contain radiant heat pipes or plumbing. A kill-switch stops the rotohammer on metal contact but will not save copper or soft metal — and it also stops on rebar and wire mesh, so several holes may be needed to get one good hole. Old brittle asbestos tile cannot be plug-cut and must be drilled through and patched."}],
|
||
table:{head:["Key to winged adults","Result"],rows:[
|
||
["Radius without branches, fontanelle present, ~3/8 in incl. wings","Subterranean termite"],
|
||
["Radius branched, fontanelle absent, ≥½ in — <em>and</em> ocelli absent, ~1 in","Dampwood termite"],
|
||
["Radius branched, fontanelle absent — <em>and</em> ocelli present, ~½ in","Drywood termite"],
|
||
["SOLDIERS: fontanelle present, eyes usually absent, ¼ in","Subterranean termite"],
|
||
["SOLDIERS: no fontanelle, eyes present, antenna 23–31 segments, ~½ in","Drywood termite"],
|
||
["SOLDIERS: no fontanelle, eyes present, antenna 10–20 segments, ~¾ in","Dampwood termite"],
|
||
["WORKERS: ½ in / 3/8 in / 3/16 in (largest workers only — no adequate key exists)","Dampwood / Drywood / Subterranean"]]}},
|
||
|
||
{art:"rot",cap:"Inspection",h:"The three-part termite inspection",
|
||
body:["<strong>Outside.</strong> Wood–soil contact: siding touching soil, skirting on the ground, basement window frames below grade, crawl space vents below grade. Behind planter boxes connected to the house, soffits or siding under leaky gutters, back edges of porch and patio slabs. Discoloured or blistered paint, warped or cracked siding. Behind thick shrubbery or vines. Foundation cracks and walls for mud tubes.",
|
||
"<strong>Inside.</strong> Around plumbing, under sinks, toilets, showers, tubs, washing machines, dishwashers, water heaters. Loose or missing shower tile and cracked grout. Water stains on ceilings, walls, basement baseboards. Garage and basement window sills for <strong>old wings</strong> from past swarms. Spongy or warped bathroom and utility floors. Faulty crawl space and attic ventilation — all corners should be vented; check for soffit and gable vents. In slab homes, mud tubes at cold joints along bearing walls and plumbing penetrations.",
|
||
"<strong>Crawl spaces.</strong> Support posts on bare ground, form boards left in place, wooden plumbing supports, wood scraps on the soil, old stumps. Behind planter boxes, porches, patios, under bathrooms and utility rooms, all corners. Causes of excess moisture: no vapor barrier, too few vents, unvented corners, ventilation blocked by heat ducts or hanging insulation, standing water, high water table. Mud tubes on foundation walls and pier blocks."],
|
||
calls:[{t:"law",h:"Diagram what you could not reach",x:"If areas are inaccessible and cannot be inspected, identify them in your diagram."}]}
|
||
]});
|
||
|
||
CH.push({n:4,title:"Ants",short:"Ants",who:"General",
|
||
blurb:"Eight genera cover essentially every pest ant in Washington. The dichotomous key works on workers only — never on males or queens.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"carpAnt",cap:"Carpenter ant · Camponotus",h:"Carpenter ants",sci:"Camponotus modoc, C. vicinus",tags:[["wdo1","PRIMARY WDO"],["med","POLYMORPHIC"]],
|
||
body:["They do not eat wood — they <strong>remove</strong> it to expand nests. Most species start in decayed wood then extend tunnelling into sound wood, which is why they are primary WDOs. Damage usually takes 3+ years because the founding colony is a single queen.",
|
||
"In Washington the problem is mostly <em>C. modoc</em> (black except reddish legs) and <em>C. vicinus</em>, nesting in standing trees living or dead, stumps and logs. Houses built in forest with minimal tree removal sit beside vigorous colonies, and workers move in as a <strong>satellite colony</strong>.",
|
||
"Satellite colonies contain larvae, pupae and winged reproductives but <strong>no eggs and no functioning queen</strong>. They can hold several thousand workers; a typical <em>C. modoc</em> parent colony is 10–20,000 and large ones exceed 100,000."],
|
||
facts:[["Identification","Thoracic dorsum <strong>evenly convex</strong> in profile; anal orifice circular, fringed with hair (20× lens)"],["Size","Queens 16–18 mm, workers 6–13 mm — collect the largest \"majors\""],["Colour","Not diagnostic — WA species range black to red-thorax to light brown"],["Trails","~2 cm wide, cleared daily, peak traffic sunset to sunrise, followed by pheromone"],["Parent colony","Usually a tree, stump or stacked wood within 100 m of the house"],["Frass","Sawdust with insect parts and dead ants — not dark like moisture-ant frass"],["Maturity","Winged reproductives appear once the colony exceeds 2,000 workers"],["Egg → adult","≈60 days; first season averages 8 workers; colonies persist 20+ years"],["Success","Organized purposeful activity should cease <strong>six weeks</strong> after treatment"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Five inspection indicators",x:"1 · Sawdust in crawl spaces, on beams, in cobwebs. 2 · Frequent worker sightings. 3 · Rustling noises in wall voids and ceilings. 4 · Foraging trails, easiest to find at night. 5 · Sounding — tap joists with a rod or hammer; a nest cavity rings hollow and a knife or pick penetrates."},
|
||
{t:"law",h:"Kill the power first",x:"Ants follow electrical lines. Remove plates and inject dust into the void — <strong>turn off the main power switch before treatment to avoid electrocution</strong>, and never foul contact points."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"notchAnt",cap:"Notched thorax",h:"Moisture ants",sci:"Lasius spp.",tags:[["wdo2","SECONDARY WDO"],["n","MONOMORPHIC"]],
|
||
body:["Yellow to dark brown, all workers the same size, maxillary palpi long and six-segmented. Colonies are normally in decayed logs and stumps, sometimes soil. They tend aphids for honeydew and swarm <strong>late summer to early autumn</strong>.",
|
||
"They are not a primary structural pest: the colony starts in decayed wood and <strong>the moisture problem invariably existed first</strong>. Their presence should send you looking for wood decay. Remove the decayed wood and replace it with sound material — chemical control only slows deterioration."],
|
||
facts:[["Galleries","Unique — built from cellulose material and debris; they may also build mud tubes like subterranean termites"],["Frass","<strong>Dark coloured</strong>, found in and around water leaks where decay occurs"],["Vs. carpenter ant","Side view: moisture ants have a <strong>notch or dip</strong> on the thoracic dorsum; queens are lighter and smaller than carpenter ant queens"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"mound",cap:"Thatching ant mound",h:"Thatching ants",sci:"Formica spp.",tags:[["good","USUALLY BENEFICIAL"],["med","POLYMORPHIC"]],
|
||
body:["Mound builders — sticks, soil, leaves, pine or fir needles — though other species nest subterraneously. <strong>Fierce predators, normally beneficial</strong>, but a severe annoyance in lawns, rockeries and picnic areas. They <em>have been observed nesting in wall voids</em>.",
|
||
"They bite hard and spray the bite with formic acid, which can blister unwashed skin. They herd and protect aphids, which can create an aphid problem."],
|
||
facts:[["Size & colour","1/5–3/8 in (5–9 mm); mostly red and black, some uniformly brown or black"],["Profile","Notch or depression on the thoracic dorsum — works on workers only, not reproductives"],["Swarm","Late summer to early fall"],["Control","Saturate the <strong>entire nest surface and its subterranean portion</strong> — dig and stir with a shovel while pouring. Treating only the entry hole makes them move. Recheck in 7–10 days"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"antTermite",cap:"Key to worker ants",h:"The rest of the eight genera",
|
||
table:{head:["Ant","Key characters and control"],rows:[
|
||
["Harvester ant<br><i>Pogonomyrmex</i>","The only WA ant that gives a severe, bee-like sting. Reddish, monomorphic, 6–8 mm, distinctive <strong>psammophore</strong> (beard under the chin). Sandy soils of eastern WA and the Columbia Basin only. Spring swarm. Control rarely necessary."],
|
||
["Odorous house ant<br><i>Tapinoma sessile</i>","<strong>The most significant nuisance ant in Washington.</strong> Brown to black, monomorphic, ~1/16 in, petiole with no vertical node. Anal glands smell of rotten coconut when crushed. Many queens, thousands of workers, shapeless temporary nests. Workers run fast with abdomens raised. Remove competing food, then bait; find and treat the nest."],
|
||
["Pavement ant<br><i>Tetramorium caespitum</i>","Light brown to blackish, monomorphic, 2.5–3 mm, two-segmented pedicel and an <strong>armed epinotum</strong> (paired spines). Nests in exposed soil, under rocks, in masonry foundations, under slabs. Has a stinger but rarely aggressive. Locate colonies for direct application; baits and barrier treatments work."],
|
||
["Pharaoh ant<br><i>Monomorium pharaonis</i>","Yellowish to reddish, darkened abdomen tip, monomorphic, ~2 mm, <strong>unarmed epinotum</strong>. Prefers grease, fats and meats. Polygenic — many queens. No nuptial flights; daughter colonies split off. <strong>Bait only — spraying fragments the colony</strong> and spreads it."],
|
||
["Velvety tree ant<br><i>Liometopum</i>","Glistening velvety abdomen with dense fine hairs, thorax evenly rounded, slit-like anal orifice. <i>L. occidentale</i> red-and-black, <i>L. luctuosum</i> dark brown; 1/8–1/4 in. Nests in wood, mines less than carpenter ants, will infest foam insulation, crushed workers smell like odorous house ants. Baits, or perimeter sprays to disrupt trails."],
|
||
["Argentine ant<br><i>Linepithema humile</i>","Small, light to dark brown, single node, monomorphic, thorax with a <strong>distinct constriction</strong>. Trails follow each other under 1 cm apart, four to five abreast. Very large polygenic colonies; nests outside — perimeter sprays. Transported in nursery stock and potting material."]]},
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Two-node vs one-node",x:"Two-segmented petiole → Myrmicinae (harvester, pavement, pharaoh). One segment + circular fringed anal orifice → Formicinae (carpenter, moisture, thatching). One segment + ventral slit orifice → Dolichoderinae (odorous house, velvety tree, Argentine)."},
|
||
{t:"",h:"Ants develop by complete metamorphosis",x:"Egg, larva, pupa, adult. The larva is always legless and usually white. Many pupae are enclosed in a papery cocoon."}]}
|
||
]});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
CH.push({n:5,title:"Wood-Associated Pests",short:"Wood Pests",who:"General",
|
||
blurb:"Beetles, wasps, bees, a wood-eating clam, and the fungi that do more structural damage in the Pacific Northwest than all of them combined.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"anobiid",cap:"Deathwatch beetle · Anobiidae",h:"Anobiids — deathwatch beetles",sci:"Hemicoelus gibbicollis",tags:[["wdo2","SECONDARY WDO"],["med","THE PRIMARY STRUCTURAL BEETLE HERE"]],
|
||
body:["Most wood-boring beetles found in Northwest structures are anobiids — often miscalled powderpost beetles. They are <strong>secondary WDOs because they cannot survive in dry wood</strong>. Typically pests of softwoods (Douglas-fir, hemlock, cedar), occasionally hardwoods.",
|
||
"The western deathwatch beetle causes most structural damage along coastal western North America, in crawl spaces, basements and pole barns at <strong>13–18% moisture content</strong>. Larvae bore and feed for 5–6 years or longer, then work to the surface, pupate and emerge in summer. Newly emerged adults reinfest until nutrition is depleted."],
|
||
facts:[["Frass","<strong>Granular, gritty, pellet-like</strong>"],["Emergence holes","Circular, 1/16–1/8 in (1.5–3 mm)"],["Also here","<i>Hadrobregmus quadrulus</i>, <i>Priobium punctatum</i>; <i>Anobium punctatum</i> (common furniture beetle) found 1997 in a boat cabin at Olympia"],["Same family","Cigarette and drugstore beetles are Anobiidae too"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Prove the infestation is active first",x:"Infestations die out naturally. Remove frass from selected areas and re-inspect several months later for new frass being expelled from emergence holes."},
|
||
{t:"",h:"Borates",x:"Sodium borates are highly effective — eggs and newly emerging larvae usually do not survive, but existing larvae may take several years to ingest a lethal dose. Apply <strong>before May</strong> for greatest effect on eggs and new larvae. Adults are not repelled and oviposit normally. Fumigation is rarely if ever necessary."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"lyctid",cap:"True powderpost beetle · Lyctidae",h:"Lyctids — true powderpost beetles",tags:[["wdo1","PRIMARY WDO"],["n","HARDWOOD ONLY"]],
|
||
body:["Feed predominantly on the <strong>starch in hardwoods</strong> — oak, ash — and will infest bamboo. Hardwood flooring, trim, plywood, furniture, tool handles, crates. Adults are 1/8–3/8 in, red, brown or black; active at night, fly to lights.",
|
||
"Once hardwood items are installed and finished with paint, stain, varnish, sealer or shellac, the female cannot lay eggs on that surface."],
|
||
facts:[["Frass","<strong>Powdery, much like face powder</strong>"],["Cycle","Generally one year; eggs 1–3 weeks, larvae 8–10 months, pupation ~3 weeks, adults live ~2 weeks"],["NW species","<i>Lyctus brunneus</i>, <i>L. cavicollis</i>, <i>L. planicollis</i>, <i>Trogoxylon prostomoides</i>"],["Control","Usually necessitates removal of infested wood"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"buprestid",cap:"Golden buprestid",h:"Flatheaded & roundheaded borers",sci:"Buprestis aurulenta",tags:[["n","RARELY A STRUCTURAL PEST"]],
|
||
body:["Buprestidae (flatheaded) and Cerambycidae (roundheaded) both mine freshly stressed, dead or dying trees as larvae. Flatheaded exit holes are <strong>broader than high</strong>; roundheaded holes are more rounded. The names come from the larval thoracic segments.",
|
||
"The <strong>golden buprestid</strong> is the common Northwest species — iridescent golden-green, ~¾ in; mature larva ~1½ in long and 3/8 in wide across the flattened segments. Mines are oval in section, 3 to 15 feet long, packed with borings.",
|
||
"Larvae normally complete development in 2–4 years, but beetles have emerged from house lumber where eggs must have been laid 15–20 years earlier. Nearly all mining in houses, and all mining in finished products, comes from infestation before manufacture."],
|
||
facts:[["Frass clue","Golden buprestid borings are <strong>powdery</strong>; roundheaded borer borings are mixed fibrous and powdery"],["Prefers","Douglas-fir; also pine, spruce, true fir, western redcedar"],["Old house borer","<i>Hylotrupes bajulus</i> — common in the eastern U.S., occasionally imported, <strong>not established here</strong>"],["Spruce limb borer","<i>Opsimus quadrilineatus</i> — reported in structural timbers; exit holes flattened like a buprestid's. Reinfestation is remotely possible but cerambycids and buprestids as a whole probably do not reinfest"],["Firewood","Residents bring cerambycids in on firewood; warmth makes adults emerge and fly to windows. They will not infest structural timbers"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"What to tell an alarmed homeowner",x:"A reputable PMP advises that damage is likely to be minimal and <strong>spraying is of little value</strong>. Plug the holes and refinish. Kiln drying kills all stages; the value of insecticides for these beetles has not been established."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"rot",cap:"Sound vs. decayed wood",h:"Wood decay fungi",tags:[["wdo2","SECONDARY WDO"],["med","THE BIGGEST DECAY AGENT IN THE PNW"]],
|
||
body:["Fungi — and to a much lesser extent bacteria — are by far the most important agents of decay in Pacific Northwest buildings. Spores germinate into <strong>hyphae</strong> that grow through cell lumens and walls, secreting enzymes that weaken the wood.",
|
||
"Four requirements: <strong>adequate moisture, ambient temperature, oxygen, and a food source</strong>. Water swells the structure open to enzymes, carries enzymes in and breakdown products out, and is itself a reactant."],
|
||
facts:[["\"Dry rot\"","A misnomer. Most organisms need free water in the cells — generally above <strong>30% MC</strong>. Below 20% wood will not decay"],["Building equilibrium","7–13% MC depending on environment"],["Temperature","32–110°F range; optimum 60–90°F — the temperature we keep buildings at"],["Water-conducting","<i>Meruliporia incrassata</i> occurs here but is uncommon. The true dry rot fungus <i>Serpula lacrymans</i> is NOT found in Washington"],["Brown rot","Uses only cellulose and hemicellulose. Severely weakens wood at very early stages — detect early. Common on softwoods; advanced damage is a brown crumbly mass with cross-breaks perpendicular to the grain"],["White rot","Uses all components, up to 97% of wood weight. Prevalent on hardwoods, bleached white appearance; strength loss tracks weight loss, so significant loss is visible"],["Soft rot","Attacks carbohydrates from the surface inward, big early strength losses; prevalent where wood is regularly wetted. Indistinguishable from brown rot by eye — and for an inspector the difference is insignificant, both mean excess moisture"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"",h:"Probing technique",x:"Push a small screwdriver or flat-pointed awl 1–3 mm into the wood and bend the tip until the wood breaks. <strong>Sound wood breaks fibrously; decayed wood is brash and fractures at the probe.</strong> Drilling gives resistance as an indirect strength measure — wipe the bit with alcohol so you don't inoculate sound wood."},
|
||
{t:"law",h:"No device detects incipient decay",x:"And incipient decay can extend several inches beyond visible damage — replace beyond what you can see. Preservatives: ACQ, copper azole, copper naphthenate (usually most appropriate for home repairs). Any cut made during construction must be remedially protected."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"buprestid",cap:"Other wood associates",h:"Wasps, bees and a clam",
|
||
table:{head:["Organism","What to tell the customer"],rows:[
|
||
["Horntail wasp (Siricidae)","Larvae mine stressed or dying trees; present in lumber, then chew out through sheetrock into a living room years later. <strong>Does not reinfest structures</strong>; damage never warrants treatment."],
|
||
["Orchard mason bee<br><i>Osmia lignaria</i>","Leafcutting bee (Megachilidae) nesting under wood shakes and siding. <strong>Does no structural damage.</strong> Has a stinger but is very docile. Nests in old golden buprestid exit holes — it does not excavate wood. <strong>There are no structure-infesting carpenter bees in the Northwest.</strong> Important fruit-tree pollinator."],
|
||
["Shipworm / teredo","A <strong>wood-boring clam</strong> that attacks logs and lumber in salt water. Dramatic damage, but the shipworm dies when the wood leaves the water. No treatment needed; seal holes with putty if unsightly."],
|
||
["Bostrichids (false powderpost)","Includes the lead cable borer or \"short circuit beetle\" <i>Scobicia declivis</i>, which bores lead sheathing on transmission cables — most common in southern Oregon. <i>Heterobostrychus</i> arrives from the Orient in wooden objects and bamboo. Rarely infest NW structural timbers. Both lyctids and bostrichids are considered <strong>primary WDOs</strong>."]]}}
|
||
]});
|
||
|
||
CH.push({n:6,title:"Cockroaches",short:"Cockroaches",who:"Both",
|
||
blurb:"Four species occur in Pacific Northwest structures. Identify before you treat — each hides somewhere different, and combinations occur in one building.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"german",cap:"German cockroach, female with ootheca",h:"German cockroach",sci:"Blattella germanica",tags:[["med","MOST COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED"]],
|
||
body:["The most commonly encountered cockroach in apartments, restaurants, hospitals and any building where food is stored, prepared or served throughout the Pacific Northwest. Less common in private homes in western WA, a bit more common in eastern WA private homes.",
|
||
"Adult ½ in, pale brown, with <strong>two dark lengthwise stripes on the shield behind the head</strong>. Fully winged but rarely flies. Adults live up to 12 months.",
|
||
"Multiplies faster than any other cockroach here: three or four generations a year, 30–48 eggs per case, four to eight cases per female. A few individuals become a troublesome infestation quickly."],
|
||
facts:[["Ootheca","1/3 in, light tan, <strong>carried protruding from the abdomen until about a day before hatch</strong> — the only cockroach here that does so. Nymphs emerge 1–2 days after it is dropped"],["Nymph mark","A single pale brown stripe between two dark stripes running halfway down the upper abdomen; nymphs are darker than adults"],["Nymphal stage","1½ – 4 months"],["Arrives with","Groceries (bagged potatoes and onions), beverage cartons and cases, used furniture and appliances; migration along plumbing and utility tunnels"],["Harborage","Appliance insulation (stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers), dead space between sink and wall, under/around water heaters, cabinet cracks, behind baseboard moldings, telephones, toasters, cash registers, coffee makers, behind pictures and clocks"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"",h:"Check the neighbours",x:"Because they migrate, adjacent apartment units should be checked and may need treating to protect them."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"oriental",cap:"Oriental cockroach, female",h:"Oriental cockroach",sci:"Blatta orientalis",tags:[["n","STUBBY OR ABSENT WINGS"]],
|
||
body:["Uniformly glossy dark brown to black. Female 1¼ in with a broad abdomen and <strong>stubby wings</strong>; male 1 in, slender, wings covering two-thirds of the upper abdomen. Neither sex flies or even runs quickly. Adults live 1–6 months.",
|
||
"Feeds on a wide range of decaying organic matter and has the reputation of being <strong>the filthiest</strong> of the household-infesting species. Relatively uncommon in Washington, mostly eastern; more often in restaurants and commercial buildings than residences. Prefers cool, moist areas."],
|
||
facts:[["Egg case","Dark reddish brown, ½ in, slightly inflated; 8–15 per female, 16 eggs each"],["Nymph","Same colour as adults; nymphal stage takes about <strong>1 year</strong>"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"american",cap:"American cockroach, male",h:"American cockroach",sci:"Periplaneta americana",tags:[["n","LARGEST SPECIES HERE"]],
|
||
body:["The largest cockroach infesting Pacific Northwest dwellings — adults 1½ in, reddish-brown to brown with a <strong>light yellow or tan band around the edge of the shield</strong>. Both sexes are well winged and can fly, though they seldom do; male wings extend slightly beyond the abdomen tip, female wings do not. Adults live up to 15 months.",
|
||
"Rare in Washington. Most infestations arrive with produce or in the furniture of people moving from warmer climates. Prefers warm, moist environments — in the southern U.S. it abounds in sewers, damp basements and poorly ventilated warehouses."],
|
||
facts:[["Egg case","Dark brown, ~1/3 in, 16 eggs; about one per week until 15–90 have been produced"],["Nymphs","Grayish brown, becoming more reddish with each molt; nymphal stage 5–15 months"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"brownband",cap:"Brownbanded cockroach, female",h:"Brownbanded cockroach",sci:"Supella longipalpa",tags:[["n","HIDES HIGH, ANY ROOM"]],
|
||
body:["Almost identical to the German cockroach but <strong>lacks the dark lengthwise stripes</strong> on the shield. Male wings cover the abdomen completely; female wings never do, and her abdomen is broader and more rounded. Very active — adults jump when disturbed, and only males fly. Adults live 3–11 months.",
|
||
"More likely in private residences than commercial buildings, and more common in eastern than western Washington. Both nymphs and adults prefer <strong>warm areas near the ceiling</strong> — behind wall decorations and loose wallpaper, in closets, beneath or inside upholstered furniture, and inside electrical appliances such as radios. They may infest any room, so thorough treatment matters."],
|
||
facts:[["Egg case","Light reddish-brown, ¼ in, 16 eggs, glued in <strong>clusters</strong> to furniture, draperies, wall decorations, shelving and ceilings; 10–20 per female"],["Nymph mark","Two transverse yellow bands on the anterior abdomen"],["Development","3–6 months"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"oothecae",cap:"Key to egg cases",h:"Control — environment first, then chemistry",
|
||
body:["<strong>Environmental manipulation is the key to long-term control.</strong> Two things sustain a thriving infestation: abundant harborage and poor sanitation. Deprive them of harborage and numbers fall; deprive them of food and water and they cannot survive long.",
|
||
"Patch cracks in walls, floors, ceilings and behind and under cabinets. Seal around plumbing fixtures, furnace flues, electrical outlets, between window sills and walls, along baseboards and ceiling moldings. <strong>Failure to locate and properly treat harborage areas is a major cause of cockroach control problems</strong> — inspect with a flashlight and a chemical flusher.",
|
||
"Sanitation: no unwashed dishes or exposed food overnight, clean spilled liquids, clean under cabinets, furniture, sinks, stoves and refrigerators. Keep kitchen waste and <strong>dry pet food</strong> in roach-proof containers — improperly stored dry pet food is one of the most frequent sources of food-pest buildup."],
|
||
table:{head:["Treatment","Notes"],rows:[
|
||
["Residual sprays","Quick temporary knockdown, but no long-term control — roaches disperse to untreated areas and return, and resistance to many common pesticides exists. Applied as spot or crack & crevice. Oil-based may dull, stain or damage asphalt tile, linoleum, paint, plaster, plastics, houseplants and carpet rubber backing, and is a fire hazard near pilot lights. Water emulsion may stain light carpet, drapes and wallpaper or short circuits, and is inferior on glass and metal."],
|
||
["Space sprays","Usually pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide. At ≤0.5% pyrethrin it is a <strong>flushing agent only</strong> — many roaches recover completely. At 2–3% it flushes and kills."],
|
||
["Dusts","Penetrate deep into harborage and around corners liquids cannot reach; longer residual than sprays but ineffective under excessive moisture. Applied properly, they leave a barely visible uniform deposit."],
|
||
["Baits","<strong>The major shift in cockroach control.</strong> Long residual, targeted, less environmental contamination, usable in sensitive areas. Placement matters and other food sources must be eliminated. Follow the label amount exactly."],
|
||
["Traps","Determine severity, detect population increases, and monitor control. <strong>No evidence that trapping alone provides significant control.</strong>"]]},
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Public health",x:"Cockroach feces, saliva and body parts carry allergens that cause allergic reactions and trigger asthma. They passively transport pathogens including <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Salmonella</i>."},
|
||
{t:"",h:"The problem unit",x:"If you have chronic complaints yet none of the units you treat are severely infested, there is likely one heavily infested unit seeding the rest — and that tenant often never complains. Inspect every unit in the area."}]}
|
||
]});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
CH.push({n:7,title:"Food and Fabric Pests",short:"Food & Fabric",who:"Both",
|
||
blurb:"Cupboard beetles, meal moths, mites — and the keratin feeders that ruin wool. Two groups with overlapping habits.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"drugstore",cap:"Drugstore beetle",h:"Drugstore & cigarette beetles",sci:"Stegobium paniceum · Lasioderma serricorne",tags:[["med","W. WA'S #1 BRAN BUG"]],
|
||
body:["The <strong>drugstore beetle</strong> is the most frequent offender in western Washington. Brownish, ~1/8 in, head bent down giving a humped look, with <strong>distinct lines or grooves on the forewings</strong>. It burrows through wood to reach food. Dried pet foods and spices are the commonest sources.",
|
||
"The <strong>cigarette beetle</strong> strongly resembles it but has <strong>smooth, ungrooved</strong> forewings and an even wider food range, named for its attacks on tobacco. Both fly."],
|
||
facts:[["Generations","Drugstore 1–4/yr; cigarette 3–6/yr, depending on temperature and humidity"],["Why low-quality food works","Yeast-like symbionts in the gut manufacture many B vitamins"],["Family","Anobiidae — the same family as the deathwatch beetles"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"sawtooth",cap:"Sawtoothed grain beetle",h:"Grain beetles and weevils",
|
||
table:{head:["Species","Recognition and habits"],rows:[
|
||
["Sawtoothed grain beetle<br><i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i>","<strong>Probably the major bran bug of eastern Washington.</strong> Slender, flattened, reddish-brown, ~1/8 in, with <strong>six saw-like teeth on each side of the prothorax</strong>. 1–10 generations/yr. Winged but not known to fly."],
|
||
["Merchant grain beetle<br><i>O. mercator</i>","Same, but with a shorter region behind the eye."],
|
||
["Granary weevil<br><i>Sitophilus granarius</i>","Dark brown to black, ~3/16 in, characteristic <strong>snout</strong>, <strong>no functional wings</strong>, elongate pronotal punctures. A pest of <strong>whole or intact grain</strong>, not processed foods. 2–10 generations/yr."],
|
||
["Rice weevil<br><i>S. oryzae</i>","Close relative: <strong>four light spots on the wing covers</strong>, well-developed flight wings, round pronotal punctures, slightly smaller. More a southern U.S. pest."],
|
||
["Flour beetles<br><i>Tribolium</i> spp.","Small, elongate, ~1/8 in, reddish-brown to black. Mostly in <strong>finished or processed cereal products</strong>. 4–5 generations/yr in a heated building. Red and confused flour beetles are the common household species."],
|
||
["Spider beetles<br><i>Ptinus</i> spp.","Small, globular, 1/16–1/8 in, obviously spider-like. Eat grain products, feathers, rodent droppings, insects. Tolerate colder temperatures than most bran bugs; free water is important. Only found where sanitation is very poor or food has stood a long time."],
|
||
["Carpet beetles","Also infest stored food and grain: varied (<i>Anthrenus verbasci</i>), furniture (<i>A. flavipes</i>), black (<i>Attagenus megatoma</i>). Adults fly readily — the most likely of this group to fly in from outdoors, and many adults feed on pollen. The <strong>Khapra beetle</strong> <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> is a serious world cereal pest, targeted for intensive eradication where it establishes in the U.S."]]}},
|
||
|
||
{art:"indianmeal",cap:"Indianmeal moth",h:"Flour and meal moths",
|
||
body:["Called flour or meal moths not because they feed only on flour, but because they <strong>seldom attack sound kernels</strong> — they prefer broken grain, grain injured by other pests, and milled products.",
|
||
"<strong>Indianmeal moth</strong> <i>Plodia interpunctella</i> — the most frequently reported. Wingspan nearly ¾ in; forewings reddish-brown with a copper luster on the outer two-thirds and whitish-gray on the inner third. 100–300 eggs. Mature larva ~½ in, dirty white to greenish or pinkish. Egg to adult in 6–8 weeks in warm weather. The larva <strong>spins a silken thread wherever it crawls</strong>, and webbing often becomes dense enough to be noticed.",
|
||
"<strong>Mediterranean flour moth</strong> <i>Anagasta kuehniella</i> — wingspan slightly under 1 in, dirty white hindwings, pale gray forewings with transverse wavy black markings. For many years the most troublesome pest of flour mills, because matted flour clogs machinery and stops milling. Larva ~½ in, whitish or pinkish with a few small black spots. 8–9 weeks per generation.",
|
||
"Also occasionally present: the white-shouldered moth, brown house moth, and meal moth."]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"carpetLarva",cap:"Carpet beetle larva",h:"Fabric pests",tags:[["med","KERATIN DIGESTERS"]],
|
||
body:["Clothes moths and carpet beetles — and to a lesser extent silverfish and firebrats — share the ability to digest <strong>keratin</strong>, the protein in animal hair, hides and feathers.",
|
||
"<strong>Clothes moths.</strong> Two species here: the webbing clothes moth <i>Tineola bisselliella</i> and <strong>the more common casemaking clothes moth</strong> <i>Tinea pellionella</i>, which also feeds on some non-animal materials such as tobacco and spices. Both are ~½ in, tan or yellowish, with narrow wings fringed with long hairs. The casemaking moth is smaller, darker, and has <strong>three dark spots on the wings</strong>. Larvae are cream-coloured with a dark head, ~1/3 in; the webbing species spins a tube or mat, the casemaking species carries a silken case with it. Material stored in the dark is more susceptible — these insects avoid light.",
|
||
"<strong>Carpet beetles.</strong> Not a sign of poor housekeeping; they do not carry disease, bite, or infest wood. Naturally they scavenge dead animals and insects in bird and rodent nests. Adults fly in through open doors and windows, arrive on cut flowers, or move down from the attic through walls and wall sockets. <strong>Black carpet beetle</strong> adults are solid black with brownish legs, 1/8–3/16 in; larvae are yellowish to dark brown, taper from the head, and carry a <strong>tuft of long brown hairs at the rear</strong>, ½ in when mature."],
|
||
facts:[["Larval diet","Hoof, horn, hair, wool, nails, feathers — and they survive best on <strong>soiled</strong> protein, e.g. a wool suit stained around the collar with body oils"],["Also eats","Mohair, natural bristles, fur, down, wall trophies, cat and dog food, dead insects in old wasp nests and light fixtures, felt, seeds, bone meal, silk, and synthetics carrying body oils"],["Where to look","Dresser drawers, closets, corners, behind baseboards and moldings, under rarely moved furniture, in long-stored fabric"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"clothesMoth",cap:"Casemaking clothes moth",h:"Prevention, temperature and fabric choice",
|
||
table:{head:["Method","Detail"],rows:[
|
||
["Sanitation","Spilled or exposed food attracts and harbors pests. Buy flour and similar goods only in quantities used in a reasonable time — <strong>material stored six months or more is often the source of serious infestations</strong>. Most cupboard pests chew through cardboard and plastic bags, so use tight-fitting resistant containers."],
|
||
["Heat","All stored-food insects are killed at <strong>120–130°F for 2–3 hours</strong>; at 180°F death is much more rapid. Spread material thinly and stir; prop the oven door slightly open."],
|
||
["Cold","Activity ceases at 40–50°F. Most die or go inactive held at <strong>40°F for 2–3 days</strong>; resistant forms need 2–3 weeks in a deep freeze."],
|
||
["Containment","If in doubt, be ruthless — throw it out. Otherwise seal it in a jar (best, insects cannot escape) or a self-sealing bag (more convenient, must be checked more often as pests chew out) and inspect frequently."],
|
||
["Chemical","The most important part is <strong>eliminating infested food</strong>. A residual on baseboards, cabinet shelves and cracks prevents reinfestation of new food; a fogging material knocks down adults and larvae the residual missed. Never apply on food or food utensils."],
|
||
["Nests","Grain mites and carpet beetles can originate in bird nests or old wasp nests — check and remove them."]]},
|
||
facts:[["Grain mites","Opaque white to light tan, 1/32 in, barely visible; eggs to adult in 3–4 weeks. <strong>Favoured by high humidity and 65–75°F</strong>, survive near freezing, more prevalent in colder months. Large numbers look like piles of dust — living and dead mites, cast skins and feces. Prolonged contact causes <strong>grocer's itch</strong>; eating heavily infested food may irritate the digestive tract"],["Book lice (psocids)","Tiny, pale, wingless; feed primarily on <strong>mould</strong> in damp areas, destroy damp mouldy book bindings. Control by drying out or dehumidifying"],["Silverfish & firebrats","Shiny silver or pearl-gray, three long tail appendages; near dried foods, flour, starch, sugar, glue. Damage wool, cotton and linen. Inspect boiler rooms, bathrooms, kitchens — and flush thoroughly elsewhere"]],
|
||
table2:{head:["Fabric","Resistance"],rows:[["Acetate / triacetate / aramid / linen","Resistant to moths and other insects"],["Acrylic / modacrylic / rayon","Resistant to moths"],["Cotton","Resistant to moths and some insects — but <strong>vulnerable to silverfish when starched</strong>"],["Nylon / polyester / olefin","Resistant to moth damage under normal use"],["Silk","Not attacked when clean — finishes and soil may invite attack"],["Wool","<strong>Easily damaged</strong> by clothes moth and carpet beetle larvae, especially if stained"]]},
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Resistant is not immune",x:"Larvae will cut resistant fibres to reach a food stain, and both carpet beetle and moth larvae will chew through non-woolen material to reach wool underneath."}]}
|
||
]});
|
||
|
||
CH.push({n:8,title:"Nuisance Pests",short:"Nuisance",who:"Both",
|
||
blurb:"Outdoor animals that come inside by accident or to overwinter. Most damage nothing — the job is bug-proofing and managing the customer's expectations.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"clusterFly",cap:"Cluster fly",h:"Nuisance flies",
|
||
table:{head:["Fly","Biology and control"],rows:[
|
||
["Blow flies","Metallic blue or green. A sudden mass appearance indoors means a <strong>breeding site nearby</strong> — dead nestling birds in the attic or a dead animal in the crawl space. Nestlings are consumed quickly; larger carcasses must be removed and the area sprayed."],
|
||
["Cluster flies","An atypical blow fly whose larvae <strong>parasitize earthworms</strong>. <strong>Adults overwinter</strong> in attics and wall voids, emerging into the home a few at a time all winter and dying at a window. Screen attic vents, caulk siding gaps."],
|
||
["House flies vs. face flies","Almost identical, very different habits. House flies lay eggs in decaying organic material including cow manure and overwinter/breed continuously in protected barns. <strong>Face flies overwinter as adults in barns, attics and wall voids</strong> — pests all winter like cluster flies."],
|
||
["Fungus gnats","Small gray-black flies breeding in potted houseplants. Remove breeding sites, pick up dead leaves, do not overwater."],
|
||
["March flies","Great numbers every western WA spring; medium-sized, long legs, a black dot at the leading edge of each forewing. Larvae live in marshy areas. Adults are <strong>non-feeding and harmless</strong>; many die on sticky rhododendron buds."],
|
||
["Midges","Small non-biting mosquito-like flies developing in water; congregate at doorways and patios, a nuisance on lakefront property. <strong>Mosquito larvicides give little control because midge larvae live in the mud.</strong>"],
|
||
["Moth / drain flies","Minute, hairy-winged, developing in drain organic matter. Boiling water helps, but <strong>removing the organic material is the long-term fix</strong> — hard bristle brush and an enzymatic cleaner. <strong>Do not pour insecticides down the drain.</strong>"],
|
||
["Phorid flies","1/64–¼ in, humpbacked; two heavily sclerotized leading wing veins with the rest weak and not crossing; <strong>black eyes</strong> distinguish them from vinegar flies. Breed in drains, disposals, sewage, rotting carcasses. <strong>Not attracted to UV light traps.</strong>"],
|
||
["Vinegar / fruit flies","~1/8 in, brown head and thorax, darker abdomen, often <strong>red eyes</strong>; mostly <i>Drosophila</i>. Attracted to fermenting plant material — but also breed in drains, disposals, empty bottles, mops and cleaning rags. Bleach and hot water will NOT eliminate the breeding site; scrub it out."]]}},
|
||
|
||
{art:"mothFly",cap:"Drain fly",h:"Crawlers, hoppers and overwinterers",
|
||
table:{head:["Pest","Notes"],rows:[
|
||
["Centipedes","Fast, one pair of legs per segment, 1.18 in or longer. Beneficial predators. Species here are considered harmless; they damage nothing indoors."],
|
||
["Millipedes","Two pairs of legs per segment, up to 2 in, brownish or blackish. <strong>Herbivorous — feed on decaying plant material.</strong> Attracted to damp basements, garages, laundry rooms; may invade in large numbers in newly cleared areas. Perimeter residual."],
|
||
["Sowbugs & pillbugs","Oval, grayish, up to 0.78 in; pillbugs roll into balls. Damp places. Sometimes found in moist structurally damaged wood as <strong>secondary invaders</strong>. Control by eliminating harborage."],
|
||
["Pseudoscorpions","Under 0.20 in, resemble scorpions but have <strong>no sting</strong>; eat small insects, beneficial. Arrive on firewood. <strong>No control recommended.</strong>"],
|
||
["Clover mites","Pinhead-sized, red-brown to green, with <strong>extremely long forward-pointing front legs</strong>. Invade in fall, winter and spring seeking warmth; <strong>stain walls and curtains when crushed</strong>. Keep an 18–20 in strip of bare ground between lawn and foundation."],
|
||
["Harvestmen (daddy long legs)","Related to spiders and scorpions; hairless body with no apparent division between regions. Largely nocturnal, mostly vegetarian on dead material. Harmless."],
|
||
["Spiders","Predators; except for webbing and droppings they damage nothing. All have venom. <strong>Orb weavers</strong> build vertical webs across windows and defecate on decks. <strong>Cellar spiders</strong> — often wrongly called daddy longlegs — hang belly-up in basements and garages. A long-handled broom is often control enough; otherwise a residual on the eaves and perimeter."],
|
||
["Springtails","≤0.08 in, white/black/gray/blue, jump like fleas. <strong>Prefer moist areas.</strong> On warm days in late fall, winter and early spring they mass on puddles, pools and house walls, looking like piles of soot. They dry up and die indoors."],
|
||
["Crickets","House crickets invade in numbers when populations explode; the chirping is the complaint. <strong>Camel crickets</strong> occupy damp basements and cellars when it turns hot and dry outside and have been known to feed on textiles. Baseboard residual."],
|
||
["European earwigs","0.39–0.79 in, shiny brown, fast, with forceps at the abdomen tip. Seldom bite but will pinch. Hide in bedding, under dishes and papers. <strong>Best control: remove hiding places</strong> — weed and compost piles near the house."],
|
||
["True bugs","<strong>Boxelder bug</strong> — mostly eastern WA, invades on warm fall days, congregates on female boxelder trees for seeds. <strong><i>Rhyparochromis vulgaris</i> and <i>Raglius alboacuminatus</i></strong> — introduced in the early 2000s, now across western WA, mistaken for beetles, <strong>cause no structural damage</strong>. <strong>Sagebugs</strong> — eastern WA, 4–6 mm, invade by the thousands in fall. <strong>Stinkbugs</strong> — shield-shaped, harmless. Screen them out; vacuum congregations and dispose of the bag outside; expect odor if you crush them."],
|
||
["Rove beetles","Black, elongate, shortened wing covers exposing a segmented abdomen; some tip the abdomen up like a scorpion. <strong>Control strategies rarely needed.</strong>"],
|
||
["Ground beetles","Medium, black or greenish, under litter and debris, in crawl spaces and basements. <strong>Beneficial predators.</strong> Keep wood and debris away from the exterior."],
|
||
["Elm leaf beetles","~¼ in; a defoliator of elms that overwinters as an adult in attics. Fine mesh screens on vents plus caulking. Vacuum and destroy elsewhere."],
|
||
["Root weevils","Black vine (0.39 in, black with faint markings), grass (0.12–0.16 in, gray to tan), obscure root (0.25 in, brown wavy lines), rough strawberry root (0.27–0.31 in), strawberry root (0.20 in). Known for <strong>notching rhododendron and azalea leaf margins</strong>. Cause no damage indoors. They appear sluggish or dead but are not — and because they are <strong>not feeding and their metabolism is low, residual chemicals control them poorly</strong>. Exclude instead."]]},
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Asian multicolored lady beetle",x:"<i>Harmonia axyridis</i> — appeared in western WA in the early 1990s, colours from black-with-two-red-spots to red-with-19-black-spots. Released deliberately in eastern WA and the southeastern U.S. in the 1970s; it never established in eastern WA. In Asia it winters on sea cliffs — lacking cliffs it goes to shoreline homes. <strong>Insecticides are not recommended: the carcasses left in wall voids attract carpet beetles</strong>, which are then extremely difficult to eliminate. Seal south and west wall entry points and vacuum clusters."},
|
||
{t:"",h:"Control of nuisance pests",x:"Bug-proof: caulk entryways, pipes, windows, vents and doors; tight-fitting screens. Eliminate harborage — brush, wood piles, compost heaps next to the house. Many of this group are non-insects and can be hard to control with some insecticides; you may have to try several registered materials. Periodic warm-month perimeter treatments help, especially in heavily wooded locations."}]}
|
||
]});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
CH.push({n:9,title:"Medically Important Arthropods",short:"Medical",who:"Both",
|
||
blurb:"Five categories: venomous, blood feeders, disease vectors, tissue feeders, and asthma triggers. Plus the disorder that no pesticide can treat.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"yjCycle",cap:"Fig. 9-3 · Yellowjacket annual cycle",h:"Yellowjackets and paper wasps",tags:[["good","BENEFICIAL PREDATORS"]],
|
||
body:["Overall beneficial — they prey on insects damaging ornamentals and crops and kill countless house and blow flies to provision their young. The scavenging pest species are <i>Paravespula pensylvanica</i> (western), <i>P. vulgaris</i> (common) and the introduced <i>P. germanica</i> (German yellowjacket).",
|
||
"Colonies are <strong>annual</strong>. Only <strong>inseminated queens overwinter</strong>, in dry protected places — under bark, in stumps, in hollow logs, in attics. They emerge on the first warm days of spring (rarely March, usually May), build a small paper nest, and feed the first larvae for 18–20 days. Once five to seven workers appear the queen rarely leaves. The colony peaks in <strong>August/September</strong> at up to 4,000 workers and 10–12,000 cells; then reproductives emerge, mate, males die, and mated queens seek shelter. <strong>Abandoned nests are never reused</strong> and disintegrate over winter."],
|
||
facts:[["Yellowjacket","~½ in (13 mm), short and blocky, yellow-and-black or white-and-black. Nests aerial or subterranean, always <strong>enclosed in an envelope with a single entrance</strong>"],["Paper wasp","<i>Polistes</i> spp., ~¾ in (20 mm), more slender, long legs, usually red-and-yellow or mostly yellow with small black areas. <strong>Nests are smaller and NOT enclosed</strong>. The European paper wasp <i>P. dominulus</i> established in the 1990s, nests anywhere, and does not appear aggressive"],["Winter finds","Large yellowjackets in the house in winter are overwintering queens — sluggish, rarely dangerous, usually not worth treating"],["Cone trap","Baited with fresh meat or heptyl butyrate, catches 30–150/day; about four per average yard for control. Replace meat daily — freeze the unit for several hours to kill the catch first"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Nest treatment",x:"<strong>Arboreal</strong> — aerosols propelling 20 feet; thoroughly wet the nest and the area around the entrance. <strong>Underground</strong> — pour or spray into the entrance hole; wear a bee suit if working in daylight. <strong>Wall voids and ceilings</strong> — only a product labeled for nests inside human dwellings; inject into the entrance or drill directly into the nest. Seal interior drill holes but <strong>leave the outside entrance open</strong>; confirm the nest is dead before sealing it. Remove the nest to prevent carpet beetles."},
|
||
{t:"",h:"Safety",x:"Thick clothing covering head, face, neck, hands — bee suits recommended. <strong>Glasses: certain species squirt venom short distances.</strong> If you are allergic, do not remove the nest yourself. Do not wear perfume, hair spray or bright colors near yellowjackets in late summer."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"blackWidow",cap:"Black widow",h:"Spiders of medical concern",
|
||
body:["<strong>Black widow</strong> <i>Latrodectus hesperus</i> — the only one of the two famous spiders actually found in Washington, throughout the state, most commonly in the east with isolated western populations. Mature female: jet-black globular body with a <strong>red hourglass on the underside</strong> of the abdomen; males and immatures are smaller with yellow, white and red bands and spots. Amorphous coarse webs near the ground in trash, rubble, littered areas, sheds, garages, crawl spaces, cellars. Shy and nocturnal — she bites when the web is disturbed or when she is trapped in clothing or shoes.",
|
||
"<strong>The bite:</strong> a nerve toxin. Pinprick, then burning; pain travels up and down the limb and localises in the abdomen and back. <strong>Abdominal muscles become rigid and board-like with severe cramps.</strong> Also nausea, depression, insomnia, tremors, speech defect, slight fever. Onset minutes to hours. <strong>Seldom fatal.</strong>",
|
||
"<strong>Brown recluse</strong> <i>Loxosceles reclusa</i> — <strong>not found in the Pacific Northwest</strong>; its home range is the southeastern U.S. Only two imported specimens have ever been identified in Washington. Recognised by a dark <strong>fiddle-shaped band</strong> behind the eyes on the cephalothorax, broad at the eyes and narrowing to a thin line. Both sexes are venomous, unlike the black widow. The typical reaction is <strong>delayed necrosis</strong> at the bite site — a hemolytic poison."]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"hobo",cap:"Hobo spider",h:"Hobo spider and the funnel weavers",sci:"Tegenaria agrestis",
|
||
body:["Family Agelenidae — funnel-web spiders that build a funnel in dark, moist areas (often basements) and sit at its mouth. The funnel is open at both ends and the web spreads into a broad, slightly curved sheet.",
|
||
"\"<strong>Aggressive House Spider</strong>\" is an inaccurate name that should no longer be used. Thought to cause a wound similar to a brown recluse bite in some people, and frequently misdiagnosed as such by physicians.",
|
||
"Of the seven <i>Tegenaria</i> species in the U.S., only <i>T. chiricahuae</i> is native. Three occur in the Pacific Northwest: <i>T. domestica</i> (domestic house spider, common NE and NW WA), <i>T. gigantea</i> (NW only, often the most encountered — its bite is not known to be a serious threat), and <i>T. agrestis</i>, first reported in Seattle in 1930 but not common until the 1960s."],
|
||
facts:[["Size","Mature females 7/16–10/16 in body length; males 5/16–7/16 in"],["Speed","15–20 inches per second"],["Molts","About 10 before maturity; mature spiders never molt again"],["Season","Mature males and females most abundant in <strong>fall</strong>; eggs laid Sept–Oct in a silken sac placed behind or beside the web and covered with soil, wood chips and debris, hatching the following spring"],["Life cycle","≈2 years in the Pullman/Moscow area; females die after laying, but mature females may live 3+ years and can survive months without food or water"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"",h:"Other bites",x:"<strong>Tarantulas</strong> kept as pets throw urticating abdominal hairs; adverse reactions can be serious and are increasing. <strong>Assassin bugs</strong> and other true bugs bite when handled: sharp pain, an hour or more of burning, then numbness lasting a week or two — occasionally six months in a punctured finger. A small necrotic area may form but heals rapidly. <strong>In the event of any spider bite, capture the spider in alcohol for identification.</strong>"}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"mosquito",cap:"Mosquito life cycle",h:"Mosquitoes and biting flies",
|
||
body:["Washington has 37 of the world's ~2,500 mosquito species. Serious pests in parts of eastern Washington; until West Nile Virus arrived, rarely more than an annoyance in the west.",
|
||
"<strong>It rarely makes economic sense to treat one home or yard without treating the source.</strong> Fogging or residuals give temporary relief; problems persist until standing water is eliminated."],
|
||
facts:[["Agricultural / development sites","Drain or fill depressions; check irrigation and drainage ditches for leaks and seepage; fill or drain seepage ponds and puddles; grade new land; drain excess irrigation water away or collect and reuse"],["At a home","Crush or dispose of cans, old tires and any water container; unclog roof gutters; drain water from under homes; change bird bath water weekly and stock ornamental pools with predacious fish; fill or drain puddles and ditches and remove emergent weedy vegetation; fill tree holes with sand or mortar, or drill a drain hole"],["Repellents","Diethyltoluamide protects for several hours up to a full day"],["West Nile","Birds are the primary host; mammals are dead-end hosts. <strong>Horses are particularly susceptible</strong> — 30–40% of symptomatic infected horses die or are permanently disabled. Vaccinate before the vector season begins in April: 2 doses 3–6 weeks apart, immunity 5–6 weeks after the second, annual booster. Humans can suffer headache and fever and in some cases die"],["Other biting flies","Deer flies, horse flies, black flies, no-see-ums, snipe flies — most must be dealt with at aquatic or semi-aquatic larval sites, so treat with extra care. For most PMPs control is adult suppression and temporary at best"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"flea",cap:"Flea",h:"Fleas",
|
||
body:["Usually linked to a pet dog or cat, and the same flea bites people. The initial bite is painless; irritation and itching follow within hours.",
|
||
"Larvae are white, wormlike, ~3/16 in, found in pet bedding and carpet where pets sleep; they eat organic debris including <strong>dried adult flea feces containing blood</strong>, and cannot pierce skin. Under ideal conditions: egg ~10 days, larva 10–14 days, pupa 7–14 days. Unhatched adults wait in the cocoon for a host cue — cocoons are <strong>sensitive to mechanical disturbance and pressure</strong>, which is why people entering a long-deserted house are suddenly swarmed."],
|
||
facts:[["Vacuuming","All areas including rugs, upholstery and cracks, <strong>every third day for two weeks</strong>. Dispose of the bag afterwards — fleas escape and reinfest"],["Pets","The client shampoos or treats with a registered product; comb; wash and machine-dry or dry-clean bedding. <strong>The PMP should never treat a pet for the client</strong> — leave live animals to the veterinarian"],["Outdoors","Have the customer mow and dispose of the clippings first; repeat weekly if needed"],["Indoors","Sprays are a <strong>supplement</strong>, not the sole means. Growth regulators stay active up to a year or more"],["Disease","Uncommon here, but rodent fleas can carry <strong>plague</strong>"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Order of operations",x:"Control FLEAS BEFORE RODENTS — otherwise the fleas shift to human hosts."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"tick",cap:"Hard tick",h:"Ticks, lice and mites",
|
||
body:["<strong>Ticks.</strong> Larvae (\"seed ticks\") have six legs and are ~1/40 in; nymphs ~1/16 in; adults ~3/16 in; engorged females of common species reach ½ in. Three separate blood meals from hosts of different size, the tick dropping off to molt or lay each time. Life cycle up to 3 years, 2 more common. Ixodids lay several thousand eggs, argasids several hundred. Most active in spring; by July/August unfed stages seek shelter from heat. Brown dog ticks are the exception — all stages, all year, indoors near dogs, climbing vertical surfaces into cracks around windows, doors and moldings.",
|
||
"<strong>Human lice.</strong> Egg (nit), nymph, adult; eggs hatch in about a week, two nymphal molts over 2–3 weeks, adults live 3–4 weeks; up to 200 eggs in head and body lice. The <strong>body louse</strong> is the vector of louse-borne relapsing fever, trench fever and epidemic typhus — none reported in U.S. humans for decades."],
|
||
facts:[["Head lice","2–3 mm, longer than broad, dirty white to grayish-black; nits glued near the hair base at the <strong>nape of the neck and behind the ears</strong>"],["Body lice","Live in clothing or bedding, in seams of undergarments, at crotch, waistline, armpits; in contact with skin only when feeding"],["Crab lice","~1 mm, as broad as long, grayish white to pinkish, crab-like; coarse pubic, perianal and facial hair; <strong>mostly transmitted by sexual contact</strong>"],["Survival off host","Head and body lice up to <strong>10 days</strong>; crab lice up to <strong>24 hours</strong>"],["Nit removal","Glued with an insoluble cement — comb out with a nit comb, or wait for hair growth and haircuts. A hot comb excites lice and dislodges them"],["Tick removal","Grasp with tweezers and pull slowly and steadily until the head is free; turning it onto its back may help. Do not crush it or break the mouthparts off — mouthparts left in the skin cause infection. Apply antiseptic and wash hands"],["Tick diseases","RMSF — Rocky Mountain wood tick (the only known WA transmitter), American dog tick, and to a lesser extent brown dog tick. Tularemia — American dog tick and RM wood tick. Lyme — <i>Ixodes pacificus</i> and other <i>Ixodes</i>. Relapsing fever — <i>Ornithodoros</i>. <strong>Tick paralysis</strong> from ixovotoxin during prolonged rapid female feeding; early removal means complete recovery"],["Mites","Human infestations are rare here. Scabies in children and pet mites go to a physician or veterinarian. Chiggers are rare in WA. Most human encounters are <strong>via birds</strong> — chicken and northern fowl mites infest people for short periods. Remove wild bird nests and treat the area"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"clusterFly",cap:"Myiasis and psychology",h:"Tissue feeders, urticating hairs, and delusory parasitosis",
|
||
body:["<strong>Myiasis</strong> — invasion of living tissue by fly maggots. Bottle and flesh flies lay eggs in open wounds and sores, attracted by fetid odors or pus. The cure is physical removal with sterile tweezers plus thorough cleaning and disinfection. <strong>Pseudomyiasis</strong> — eggs laid on tainted or old food are consumed, and the maggots merely pass through the intestinal tract; live maggots in the feces plus nausea and abdominal discomfort mean a physician should be consulted. Fly-proof containers for ripe fruit and uncooked meat prevent it.",
|
||
"<strong>Urticating hairs.</strong> Caterpillars of many species cause contact dermatitis, nodular conjunctivitis, respiratory pain, headache and convulsions via tiny stinging hairs injecting a hemolytic venom. Egg covers, cocoons and adults may carry them too, and they become windborne or persist in soil. Injuries are seasonal — spring and summer — and commonest among children in trees, forest workers and campers.",
|
||
"<strong>Blister beetles</strong> defend themselves by filling their tracheae with air, closing the spiracles, and raising <strong>hemolymphostatic pressure</strong> until the exoskeleton splits at the joints and hemolymph carrying <strong>cantharidin</strong> escapes. Skin contact produces fluid-filled blisters that burst and produce secondary blisters; secondary infection, especially impetigo, is common. See a physician."],
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Entomophobia vs. delusory parasitosis",x:"<strong>Entomophobia</strong> is simply a fear of insects rooted in lack of understanding — it usually subsides once the person understands. <strong>Delusory parasitosis</strong> is an unwarranted belief that creatures are on the body. Cues: several doctors already seen, the home sprayed repeatedly, obsessive cleaning and bathing, numerous samples brought in (tissue, clothing, lint) that prove to contain nothing, complaints of constant itching or tingling, and abrasions or scabs from scratching. Sufferers are often well-educated and responsible in every other area of life."},
|
||
{t:"law",h:"Your responsibility ends at the determination",x:"The client needs a mental health expert; it is not for the entomologist or PMP to solve. Tactfully direct them to a qualified expert. <strong>If you go along with the belief and treat the home, the treatment is doomed to fail — imagined bugs are solidly resistant to pesticides.</strong>"}]}
|
||
]});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
CH.push({n:10,title:"Bed Bug Biology and Control",short:"Bed Bugs",who:"Both",
|
||
blurb:"No single tool eliminates them — not even pesticides. Inspection, containment, heat, and a coordinated effort by resident, manager and PMP.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"bedbug",cap:"Cimex lectularius",h:"Biology",sci:"Cimex lectularius",tags:[["med","PUBLIC HEALTH — BUT NOT A DISEASE VECTOR"]],
|
||
body:["Blood-sucking ectoparasites of significant public health importance because they feed on sleeping people — but they are <strong>not known to transmit disease</strong>. They inject an <strong>anesthetic</strong> so the bite is not felt and an <strong>anticoagulant</strong> so blood does not clot. Marks appear up to a week or more later: slightly swollen red areas, random or in a straight line, resembling mosquito or flea bites.",
|
||
"Itching leads to insomnia, anxiety, skin problems and secondary infections from scratching. A second health concern is <strong>people misusing pesticides not intended for indoor residential use</strong>.",
|
||
"Despite the name they occur throughout homes, apartments, hotels, motels, health care facilities, dormitories, shelters, schools, cruise ships, buses, trains — and clothing stores, movie theaters, laundries and dry cleaners, furniture rental outlets and office buildings."],
|
||
facts:[["Size","Poppy seed to apple seed; adults 3/16 in. Flat, oval, reddish-brown, <strong>wingless</strong>"],["Metamorphosis","<strong>Gradual</strong> — egg, nymph, adult"],["Development","As little as a month at 70–80°F; three or more generations a year"],["Feeding","Weekly; prefer humans but will feed on family pets. Survive <strong>3–4 months or more</strong> without a meal, but must feed between each molt"],["Range","Travel over 100 feet in a night, but live within <strong>5–20 feet</strong> of where people sleep"],["Bat bugs","Nest-dwelling animals have their own bed bugs. Bat bugs look very similar and <strong>will feed on people once a bat infestation is removed</strong>"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"The only way to confirm is a live insect",x:"Bite marks are a clue, not a confirmation — they can take weeks to develop in some people. Look for live bed bugs of all sizes, shed exoskeletons, and rusty-coloured fecal spots in mattress seams, on sheets, on nearby furniture and along baseboards. Infestations may give off a sweet, musty odor."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"bedbug",cap:"Inspection",h:"Inspection — slow, methodical, from the bed outward",
|
||
body:["Move slowly and avoid disturbing hiding bugs so they don't scatter. Prioritise the area <strong>5–20 feet around where people sleep or sit</strong>. In a low-level infestation they concentrate near sleeping areas; in moderate and high-level infestations they turn up in unexpected places, and every object — toys, jewelry boxes, phones — must be checked.",
|
||
"<strong>Mattresses:</strong> top and bottom seams, each side of the piping, under handles and buttons, along and inside air holes, between mattress and box spring, along the platform or frame, inside material folds. Rub suspected droppings with alcohol or baby wipes — <strong>if the spots dissolve into a reddish-brown colour</strong> they are bed bug droppings; keep inspecting until you find a live bug.",
|
||
"<strong>Box springs:</strong> every point where it sits on the frame; lift slowly. Top surface, folds, seams, where material is tacked to the frame. Turn it over and remove the thin cloth underneath. Check around and beneath staples and tacks. Flush with compressed air; monitor with double-sided tape on the underside of furniture.",
|
||
"<strong>Frames and headboards:</strong> bed bugs prefer wood over metal but hide in metal and plastic crevices and where mattresses touch frames. Crevice-tool every joint, invert the frame, check screw and nail holes, remove the headboard and look behind it.",
|
||
"<strong>Other furniture:</strong> empty drawers and shelves nearest the bed into plastic bags for inspection and cleaning or heat treatment. Undersides of drawers, under metal drawer guides, gaps between shelves and bookcase frames. Turn all furniture over and remove the cloth backing. Check where fabric attaches to frames, especially stapled areas. Bag electronics — lamps, remotes, alarm clocks, radios. Inspect pillow and cushion seams and zipper folds, and under chair and couch legs.",
|
||
"<strong>Room perimeter:</strong> moldings and the floor–wall joint nearest the bed; sweep the crevice tool <em>upward</em> to chase them out. Fold back carpet edges and check the tack strip; look under area rugs. Remove switch, outlet and phone jack plates. Inspect everything on the walls — open picture frames, check under loose wallpaper and peeling paint, take down curtain rods. Check door frames, hinges and latch bore holes. If bed bugs are on walls, look under ceiling moldings and in smoke detectors."],
|
||
facts:[["Inspection kit","Magnifying glass · strong flashlight · plastic self-closing bags · crevice tool (putty knife or playing card) · compressed air for flushing · hot air dryer on low · tools for removing plates and disassembling furniture · glass-cleaning or baby wipes · cotton swabs · sticky traps under beds, checked regularly"],["Adjacent units","An infestation may spread to units adjacent, above, below or to the sides — <strong>especially if pesticides are used in the original unit</strong>. Inspect them; if bugs are found or residents report bites, treat as infested"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"bedbug",cap:"Control",h:"Control strategies",
|
||
table:{head:["Strategy","Detail"],rows:[
|
||
["Clean and de-clutter","<strong>Reduction of household clutter is absolutely necessary.</strong> Bag items and garments for laundering; remove uninfested belongings to storage during treatment and re-check before returning them. Wipe off dead bugs, blood stains, eggs and droppings with hot soapy water."],
|
||
["Steam","<strong>Kills all life stages including the eggs</strong>, which are protected from most pesticides. Usable on mattresses and plush furniture. Only kills where the steam reaches. Dry or low-vapour steamers are better — less residual moisture. Steam BEFORE vacuuming, so fewer live bugs enter the vacuum and get spread."],
|
||
["Vacuum","Physically removes bugs and eggs. Vacuum daily and seal or dispose of the bag in an outdoor receptacle after each use."],
|
||
["Heat","Wash stained items at <strong>140°F</strong>; launder garments at <strong>120°F minimum</strong>; dry on the highest setting for at least 20 minutes; then seal pest-free items in plastic. Portable heating devices for backpacks, sleeping bags and books. Whole-room devices (electric or propane) reach <strong>135°F</strong> — monitor the room during heating. <strong>Heat provides no residual control.</strong>"],
|
||
["Cold","Varies in effectiveness — some bed bugs recover from freezing. Items must stay in a freezer <strong>at least 2 weeks</strong>."],
|
||
["Barriers & monitors","Mattress encasements, interceptors, sticky traps. Check encasements regularly for tears and seal them with tape."],
|
||
["Eliminate hiding spots","Fix peeling wallpaper and paint; caulk or seal cracks and crevices in the room and on furniture; seal floors and gaps between boards or tiles."],
|
||
["Chemicals","Only products effective against bed bugs and <strong>labeled for indoor use</strong>. Liquids for moldings, carpet edges, cracks and crevices; aerosols for bed frames, box springs and furniture; dusts including silica aerogels for cracks, wall interiors and behind outlet and switch plates; fumigants (gases) for whole buildings or a home's contents — <strong>fumigants are different from total release foggers</strong>."]]},
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"Ineffective strategies",x:"Abandoning rooms or a whole facility is no guarantee. Discarding beds and bedding does not solve it — they live elsewhere in the room. <strong>Bug bombs and total release foggers are not advised</strong>: they do not penetrate the cracks and crevices where bed bugs hide, and may drive them into adjacent housing units."},
|
||
{t:"law",h:"Reporting and recordkeeping",x:"Record, at minimum: date of complaint · type of complaint (bites, sightings, property damage) · unit or room number · date of first inspection · results of the inspection (what and how much) · dates of pest management activities · what strategies were used, including cleaning, pesticide treatments and resident education. Eliminating a widespread problem is far more expensive and difficult than a limited one."},
|
||
{t:"",h:"Don't take them home",x:"When you inspect or treat a facility, home or other location, make sure you do not transfer bed bugs into your car or home."}]}
|
||
]});
|
||
|
||
CH.push({n:11,title:"Vertebrate Pests",short:"Vertebrates",who:"Both",
|
||
blurb:"Rodents, moles, gophers, skunks, bats, birds and snakes — plus the federal and Washington law that governs every one of them.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"rodentID",cap:"Fig. 11-2 · Domestic rodent field ID",h:"Commensal rodents",tags:[["wdo1","ZERO TOLERANCE"]],
|
||
body:["Three species live in close association with humans and depend on us for food, water and shelter: the <strong>house mouse</strong> <i>Mus musculus</i>, the <strong>roof or black rat</strong> <i>Rattus rattus</i>, and the <strong>Norway rat</strong> <i>Rattus norvegicus</i>. Because of the diseases they carry, the damage they cause, and their status as introduced pests, <strong>there is zero tolerance for them</strong>.",
|
||
"Rodents are defined by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each jaw, kept chisel-sharp by gnawing. Over forty percent of all mammal species are rodents."],
|
||
facts:[["House mouse","Small, slender, dusky gray to brownish, slightly pointed nose, small black protruding eyes, <strong>large scantily haired ears</strong>. Up to 1 oz, body ~3½ in, <strong>tail about the same length as the body</strong>"],["Mouse biology","Up to 50 young a year in optimum conditions; weaned ~21 days; mating at 6–10 weeks. Eats ~8 lb/yr in small nibbles from many sources, contaminating far more than it eats. Gets most water from food"],["Mouse abilities","Fits a <strong>¼ inch</strong> opening, jumps 12 inches, scales any rough vertical surface, travels horizontal wires and small ledges. Runs walls using vibrissae. Mostly nocturnal but often active by day"],["Roof rat","Slender and graceful, climbs, pointed muzzle, <strong>large prominent ears that pull forward to cover the eyes</strong>, <strong>tail at least as long as the body</strong>, dark above and below. Nests in trees, dense vegetation off the ground, attics and water heater cabinets. Prefers fruits, berries, snails, bird eggs, insects. Tends to <strong>avoid new objects</strong> — may take days to approach a bait station"],["Norway rat","More robust, burrows, lives on the ground, <strong>blunt muzzle</strong>, <strong>small ear that will not reach the eye when pulled forward</strong>, <strong>tail shorter than the body</strong>, dark above and paler below. More willing to settle for garbage"],["Both rats","Litters of 6–12; eyes open ~2 weeks; sexually mature ~3 months; peak breeding spring and fall. <strong>Unlike mice, rats need drinking water.</strong> Rats cache food they may never eat"],["Rat abilities","Fits a <strong>½ inch</strong> opening. Climbs inside vertical pipe ½–4 in, outside vertical pipe up to 3 in, any pipe within 3 in of a wall, horizontally on any pipe or cable. Burrows 4 ft down, jumps 4 ft horizontally, survives a 50 ft drop, swims sewers and drain traps. Gnaws cinder block, aluminum siding, PVC and lead pipe, and wiring"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"trapSet",cap:"Fig. 11-5 · Trap placement",h:"Commensal rodent management",
|
||
table:{head:["Technique","Detail"],rows:[
|
||
["Survey first","Identify sources of immigration around the structure and whether they are within your jurisdiction — if they are outside your control you may face constant reinfestation. Document problems and be ready to discuss them with the owner or manager."],
|
||
["Exclusion","Use materials with openings of <strong>¼ inch or less</strong> to exclude mice as well as rats. Rats gnaw through wood, metal, concrete, metal hardware cloth and concrete block, so expect frequent repairs. Fix structural design problems, poor finishing around pipes, vents and conduits, and door or window gaps. Doors left open for loading or ventilation defeat a \"rodent-proof\" building."],
|
||
["Sanitation","Bird feeders, leftover pet food and open trash are very attractive. Cover dumpster bottom drains with hardware cloth or sturdy mesh; use heavy-duty gnaw-proof cans with tight lids."],
|
||
["Habitat manipulation","<strong>Rats and mice are shy about crossing open areas</strong> — a clear zone free of weeds, debris and storage between the structure and its surroundings acts as a barrier."],
|
||
["Trapping","Proves removal, lets you retrieve the carcass, and works where rodenticides are undesirable. Snap traps, glue boards, wind-up traps. <strong>Body-gripping snap traps are legal in Washington for rats and mice.</strong> Keep traps clean with hot detergent and a stiff brush — human and dead-rodent odors do not reduce success. Set the trigger <strong>perpendicular to the wall, next to the wall</strong>; a double set increases success. Secure rat traps and glue boards so wounded animals cannot drag them away. Monitor and empty daily."],
|
||
["Glue boards","Work like flypaper along walls and established pathways. Keep away from children, pets and desirable wildlife. Lose effectiveness in dust unless enclosed in a bait box; temperature extremes and moisture affect tackiness. <strong>Cooking or engine oil dissolves the glue</strong> if a pet or child gets stuck."],
|
||
["Rodent odors","Remove dead rodents if possible. Otherwise increase air circulation with fans, and mask with oil of pine, peppermint or wintergreen, formalin, anise or activated charcoal — e.g. 10 drops of pine oil in a gallon of water applied with a fine-mist sprayer."],
|
||
["Carcass disposal","Bury or burn all carcasses and uneaten baits. Wear rubber gloves. Bury where pets and scavengers cannot dig them up."],
|
||
["Novel devices","<strong>Ultrasonic devices: no independent study shows efficacy.</strong> The sound does not carry through or around objects and rodents quickly overcome any initial aversion. Repellents have likewise not been proven viable."]]}},
|
||
|
||
{art:"droppings",cap:"Dropping key",h:"Rodenticides",
|
||
table:{head:["Class","Active ingredients and behaviour"],rows:[
|
||
["Acute","<strong>Zinc phosphide</strong> is the only true acute active ingredient registered for commensal rodents in Washington. A single feeding kills if enough is consumed. Symptoms come on soon after ingestion, so a survivor can associate the pain with the bait — <strong>bait shyness</strong>. Preferably use no more than once a year in a baiting program."],
|
||
["Sub-acute","<strong>Cholecalciferol</strong> and <strong>bromethalin</strong>, registered for all three commensal rodents. Neither causes rapid toxicosis, so multiple feedings can occur before a lethal dose. Bromethalin-poisoned rodents stop feeding once they have a lethal dose — a <strong>stop-feed mechanism</strong>. <strong>No specific antidote exists for either.</strong>"],
|
||
["Chronic — 1st generation anticoagulants","<strong>Chlorophacinone, diphacinone, warfarin.</strong> Require multiple feedings over time, so efficacy drops where other food is plentiful. Death is slow, so rodents do not associate symptoms with the bait. <strong>Antidote: vitamin K</strong>, given intravenously to a non-target mammal."],
|
||
["Chronic — 2nd generation anticoagulants","<strong>Brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, difethialone.</strong> Formulated to kill after a single feeding, but stored in the body with delayed action — a rodent may ingest several lethal doses before succumbing. Vitamin K is also the antidote, but monitoring over time may show multiple doses are needed."],
|
||
["Tracking powders","Toxicant in an inert dust; the rodent walks through it and consumes it while grooming. Placed along runways, in walls, behind boxes. Registered actives in WA: <strong>zinc phosphide, chlorophacinone, diphacinone</strong>. WAC 16-228-1380: must not be used in any manner exposing people, non-target animals, food, feed, drugs or consumer commodities, and <strong>cannot be used in residential structures without prior WSDA permission</strong>."],
|
||
["Fumigants","Metal-phosphide products for rat holes and burrows can be effective in the right conditions, properly performed. <strong>Fumigation management plans are required.</strong> Labels carry strict use precautions — people have died from misusing rodent burrow fumigants."]]},
|
||
calls:[{t:"law",h:"WAC 16-228-1380 — bait placement",x:"Baits go where children, pets and non-target wildlife cannot readily reach them — typically a secured, locked, tamper-resistant bait box. <strong>Outdoor aboveground bait must be in a locked and secured box.</strong> Every bait box must carry the pest management company's or certified applicator's name, physical address and telephone number, plus the product's name, EPA registration number and active ingredient on the outside."},
|
||
{t:"exam",h:"Why baiting fails",x:"With <em>highly accepted</em> baits: exposure period too short · insufficient bait, none left between baitings · too few stations, too far apart (mice may need stations <strong>5 to 50 feet</strong> apart) · the program does not cover enough area, so rodents move in from untreated ground. With <em>poorly accepted</em> anticoagulant baits: poor bait choice or formulation · stations badly placed so other food is more convenient · abundant competing food · bait gone moldy, rancid, insect-infested or contaminated — discard old bait and replace it."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"moleGopher",cap:"Molehill vs. gopher mound",h:"Moles, gophers, voles and squirrels",
|
||
body:["<strong>Moles</strong> (order Soricomorpha) — velvety blue-black to gray fur, slender sparsely haired snout, short pink nearly hairless tail, stout short forearms with outward-turned flattened feet and claws, inconspicuous ears and eyes. <strong>Townsend's mole</strong> <i>Scapanus townsendii</i> is the largest in the U.S. at 8–9 in and causes most complaints; the <strong>coast mole</strong> <i>S. orarius</i> averages 6–7 in. Runways average 2/5 acre, mains usually at least 6 in deep (2–20 in); extremely shallow runs under turf are feeder offshoots used perhaps once. Populations rarely exceed <strong>five moles per acre</strong>. Diet is earthworms and insects, ~40 lb a year, travelling up to half a mile a day. They mate late February to early March, ~3 young born late March to early May, once a year.",
|
||
"<strong>Pocket gophers</strong> — Northern <i>Thomomys talpoides</i> east of the Cascades, Mazama/Western <i>T. mazama</i> west. \"Pocket\" refers to two fur-lined cheek pouches for carrying food and nesting material. Mazama 7½–11¼ in body with a 2–3 in tail; Northern 6½–9 in with a 1½–1¾ in tail. Main burrow 4–18 in deep and parallel to the surface, laterals ending at a mound or plug, deeper branches for nests and food caches, some portions 5–6 ft down, burrow diameter ~3 in.",
|
||
"<strong>Voles / meadow mice</strong> <i>Microtus</i> — robust body, short tail (about half head-and-body), small eyes, partially hidden ears; head and body 4–5½ in, 1–3 oz, grayish brown to blackish with a light belly. Active year-round, poor climbers, and they <strong>do not normally enter man-made structures</strong>. Under snow they girdle young trees. WA's three commonest: montane (east of the Cascades), creeping/Oregon meadow mouse (west), long-tailed (statewide except the Columbia Basin).",
|
||
"<strong>Deer mouse</strong> <i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i> — white feet, usually white undersides, brownish above turning grayish in winter, tail about as long as head and body, large eyes and ears, generally larger than a house mouse. The most widely distributed mammal in North America and <strong>the reservoir for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome</strong>. Same control techniques as house mice — but check the rodenticide label lists deer mice, since they are not commensal rodents."],
|
||
facts:[["Molehill vs. gopher mound","<strong>Molehill = volcano</strong>, built by upthrust of earth plugs through the centre. <strong>Gopher mound = mine dump</strong>, loose dirt pushed out away from an exit at one side"],["Finding a gopher burrow","The main burrow is generally <strong>12 to 18 inches from the plug</strong>; probe until friction decreases, or dig 12–18 in around the plug. Move a trap not visited within 48 hours"],["Active mole runs","Cover all mounds, return after 24 hours, and treat only the ones rebuilt"],["Mole control","<strong>Trapping is the only consistently effective technique — and body-gripping traps are banned in Washington</strong> by a 2002 initiative, except common mouse and rat traps. Commercial bait is now available and has shown efficacy with proper placement. The only way to be certain you killed a mole is to recover the body"],["What does not work on moles","Juicy Fruit gum, ground glass, razor blades, human hair, naphthalene, mole plants, gopher bait, windmills, plastic jugs, ultrasonic and electromagnetic devices. Killing the food supply is unsupported — no product is registered to kill earthworms, and treating 2 ft deep would be an environmental hazard"],["Tree squirrels","Four native species — western gray (<strong>state threatened, cannot be trapped or killed</strong>), Douglas, red, northern flying (glides 165 ft from a 60 ft start) — all protected. Eastern fox and eastern gray squirrels are introduced and <strong>not protected</strong>. Rodent-proof with hardware cloth over attic vents and a sturdy chimney cap; remove branches within 10 ft; 3 ft PVC sleeves on wires (never on high-power lines); tree guards topped at least 5 ft up. <strong>It is illegal to release a trapped squirrel elsewhere</strong>"],["Ground squirrels","Beechey/California, Townsend's, Columbian, golden-mantled. Two activity peaks — spring (green plants) and fall (seeds for hibernation); may aestivate in warm areas. Carry fleas and <strong>sylvatic plague</strong>, and <strong>tularemia</strong> — handle squirrels and traps with caution. Exclusion is impractical. <strong>Prebait with untreated material two days before rodenticide</strong>, inspect daily, bury or burn carcasses, restrict grazing animals for at least 30 days, remove unused bait once activity stops"]]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"bat",cap:"Bats",h:"Bats, skunks, birds and snakes",
|
||
table:{head:["Animal","Key facts"],rows:[
|
||
["Bats","14 species in WA; the only truly flying mammals. Insectivorous — some eat up to half their weight in insects a night. Echolocate. Mate in fall/winter, female retains sperm until spring ovulation; birth April–July, usually a single young, flying within 3 weeks, nursery colonies dispersing July–August. May hibernate September–May; often live more than 10 years. <strong>Smaller species need an opening no wider than 3/8 in — a hole the diameter of a dime.</strong> All bats are protected wildlife except when in or immediately adjacent to a dwelling or occupied building (WAC 232-12-014). <strong>Rabies</strong> is the key hazard — never touch one bare-handed; use gloves, forceps or a stick, and if it bit someone, capture it <em>without destroying the head</em> and ship it refrigerated to the health laboratory. <strong>Histoplasmosis</strong> from guano — dampen before removal and use a nuisance-dust respirator. <strong>Exclusion is the soundest long-term solution</strong>, best started in fall after young can fly and before cold weather: block holes after dark, count bats as holes close, leave the main exit open, plug it on the night of the final count, then unplug the following evening to release stragglers before sealing. Naphthalene crystals or flakes are the <strong>only EPA-registered indoor roost chemical</strong> — bats return when the odor dissipates. Floodlights (four+ 100 W bulbs, or a 150 W spotlight), drafts, and sticky repellents also work. <strong>No fumigant is federally registered for bat control</strong>, and one may be considered only in a real public health emergency after all other feasible methods have failed. WDFW does not recommend trapping."],
|
||
["Skunks","Striped <i>Mephitis mephitis</i> statewide, 13–18 in plus a 7–10 in tail, 6–14 lb; spotted <i>Spilogale putorius</i> coastal/southern/southeastern, 9–13 in plus 4–9 in tail, ½–2½ lb. Nocturnal, omnivorous, den on the ground and under buildings. Five or six young born in early May. Along with raccoons, dogs and bats they can carry <strong>rabies</strong> — any skunk active in daytime or otherwise behaving abnormally may be rabid. Seal foundation openings after the animals leave at night; one-way swinging doors for stragglers; bury fencing 1½–2 ft where they can dig. Repellents are temporary only. <strong>No toxicants are registered for skunks</strong>; one gas cartridge is registered for dens. Live-trap with canned fish-flavored cat food, bread with peanut butter, sardines or chicken entrails, and cover the trap with canvas or burlap to reduce spraying. Odor: dilute vinegar or tomato juice; clothing in weak bleach or ammonia."],
|
||
["Birds","Pigeons, house sparrows, starlings, woodpeckers and crows are the common WA pests. <strong>Domestic pigeons, house sparrows, starlings and the Eurasian collared-dove are excluded from the Migratory Bird Treaty Act; crows and woodpeckers are protected.</strong> Pigeons nest on beams and ledges; droppings carry disease, damage plants, corrode concrete and deface structures. Sparrows, starlings and woodpeckers are cavity nesters; woodpeckers (especially flickers) drum on siding to establish territory and cannot be killed without a federal permit. <strong>Exclusion</strong> — seal or screen cavities and ledges; Nixolite and porcupine wires; a board or metal cover over a ledge at 45°; nylon or plastic netting; heavy PVC strip curtains in warehouse and farm doorways. Sticky repellents work but wear off in dust, wet or dirt. <strong>Scaring devices</strong> must be integrated, never relied on singly: broadcast alarm and distress calls, 12-gauge exploding shells, 15/17 mm noise, bird, crow, racket and whistle bombs and noise rockets (those that explode beat those that don't), automatic LP gas exploders elevated above the vegetation and moved with varied intervals. <strong>Noises up in the air near the birds are much more effective than noises on the ground.</strong> <strong>To kill any bird species in Washington — lethal trapping, shooting, or avicides — you must be certified as a Wildlife Control Operator.</strong>"],
|
||
["Snakes","Only the western or prairie rattler <i>Crotalus viridis</i> is venomous, native to eastern Washington. Garter and other non-venomous snakes are beneficial. They like cool, damp, dark places with food: firewood stacked on the ground, lumber and junk piles, heavily mulched flower beds, gardens, cluttered basements, shrubbery against foundations, unmowed lawns and abandoned lots. <strong>Seal all openings ¼ inch and larger.</strong> A snake-proof fence: heavy galvanized hardware cloth, 36 in wide, ¼ in mesh, lower edge buried 6 in, slanted outward at 30°, stakes inside, gates tight and swinging inward, openings underneath filled with concrete, tall vegetation outside kept cut. <strong>No snake control program is complete without reducing rodent populations.</strong> There are registered repellents, but <strong>no legal poisons and no legal fumigants</strong>. Funnel traps with drift fences; damp burlap bag piles indoors; glue boards on plywood (12×7 in patch minimum) placed against a wall away from anything the snake could use for leverage, freed later with vegetable oil. <strong>Dynamiting dens is of questionable advantage</strong> — it does not distinguish species or numbers and may create a better den."]]}},
|
||
|
||
{art:"rodentID",cap:"Law and disease",h:"Laws, regulations, and human disease",
|
||
table:{head:["Authority","Scope"],rows:[
|
||
["USFWS","Management and conservation of migratory birds, wildlife and freshwater fish, including threatened and endangered species. <strong>A permit is required to take migratory birds and threatened or endangered species.</strong>"],
|
||
["USDA Wildlife Services","Responds to requests about wildlife damage to agricultural property or natural resources and threats to health and safety; provides advice, materials, species identification and damage assessment."],
|
||
["Endangered Species Act of 1973","Co-administered by USFWS and NMFS. <strong>Illegal to take or harass a listed species without a permit.</strong> Even where a label is silent, using any pesticide or non-chemical strategy that negatively impacts a protected species or its habitat is a violation."],
|
||
["Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918","Protects most resident non-game birds native to North America and <strong>all their parts — eggs, occupied nests, claws, feathers</strong>."],
|
||
["WDFW","Oversees game, furbearers and wild animals, and issues trapping permits. <strong>Anyone charging a fee to control furbearers, game animals or protected wildlife must hold a Nuisance Wildlife Control Operator permit</strong>, plus all appropriate licenses, tags and permits, and must report activities. <strong>Body-gripping traps are banned in Washington except rat and mouse traps</strong> — this includes body-gripping or piercing mole and gopher traps. Cage and box traps are not body-gripping. <strong>All traps must identify the owner</strong> in a manner evident to anyone seeing the trap."],
|
||
["L&I","PMPs need a contractor's license for certain structural modifications — including bird, rodent and other animal exclusion."],
|
||
["WSDA","Enforces state and federal pesticide law for vertebrate control products, certifies applicators, investigates alleged misuse, inspects applicators, and provides technical assistance."],
|
||
["Local","Counties and municipalities may regulate tools and techniques within their jurisdiction."]]},
|
||
facts:[["Cryptococcosis","<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>, a fungus infecting via the lungs, typically from pigeons or soil contaminated with their feces — found in as many as <strong>84%</strong> of samples from old roosting sites. Rare in people with healthy immune systems"],["Hantavirus (HPS)","Sin Nombre hantavirus, associated with <strong>deer mouse</strong> urine, saliva and feces. Contracted by breathing contaminated dust when a nest is disturbed or dry droppings are swept, by handling deer mice then touching nose or mouth, or by a bite. Fatigue, fever, muscle aches, difficulty breathing; symptoms 1–5 weeks after exposure. <strong>No effective medications — early hospital care is critical</strong>"],["Histoplasmosis","<i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i> in soil or material contaminated with bird or bat droppings — caves, barns, attics, belfries. Symptoms 5–18 days after exposure, from respiratory stress to severe illness; severe cases need antifungals and can be fatal"],["Plague","<i>Yersinia pestis</i>, from a rodent flea bite or handling an infected animal's tissues and fluids. Modern antibiotics work, but untreated it is likely to cause severe illness or death. Documented human infections in WA are almost non-existent"],["Rabies","Viral, of the nervous system. In Washington <strong>the primary carrier is bats</strong>; raccoons, skunks and foxes can be infected; rodents and rabbits rarely carry it. Present in saliva and brain, transmitted by a bite. Treated after exposure with a series of injections. <strong>Washington law requires rabies vaccination for dogs, cats and ferrets</strong>"],["Tularemia (rabbit fever)","<i>Francisella tularensis</i>, mostly in rabbits and rodents including squirrels and beaver. Transmitted by ticks, fleas, biting flies, direct contact and contaminated water, and through cuts or scrapes. Chills, fever, aches, nausea, sweats. <strong>Not spread person to person.</strong> Fatal if not treated with the right antibiotics"],["Intestinal bacteria","<i>Campylobacter</i>, <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> — normal gut inhabitants of many warm-blooded animals. Contracted by handling, eating or drinking contaminated food or water, or not washing hands after contact with feces. Diarrhea (possibly severe or bloody), fever, vomiting, abdominal cramping 2–5 days after exposure"]]}
|
||
]});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
CH.push({n:12,title:"WDO Inspections",short:"WDO Law",who:"General",
|
||
blurb:"Complete versus specific. What counts as a WDO, what counts as conducive, what must appear on the report, and how long you keep it.",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"rot",cap:"WAC 16-228-2005 → 2060",h:"Complete versus specific",
|
||
body:["<strong>Complete WDO inspections</strong> apply to properties being <strong>bought, sold, or refinanced</strong>, or to the target of a <strong>telephone solicitation</strong> — even when the inspection would otherwise fall within the definition of a specific inspection. A WSDA <strong>Inspection Control Number (ICN)</strong> must be provided; it verifies the inspector is properly licensed and has demonstrated financial responsibility to the Department.",
|
||
"<strong>Specific WDO inspections</strong> must be conducted in conjunction with <strong>any proposal or estimate for prevention or control of WDOs</strong>. Even if you bid for and don't win the job, you must still provide the report to your \"customer\" and keep a copy. <strong>No ICN is necessary.</strong>",
|
||
"<strong>A specific WDO inspection report can never be used in place of a complete one</strong> for the transfer, exchange or refinance of real property — and a statement explaining that restriction must stand out by larger print, highlighting, underlining or bold on every specific report."],
|
||
facts:[["Real estate rules","WAC 16-228-2005 through 16-228-2045"],["Proposal/estimate rules","WAC 16-228-2050 through 16-228-2060"],["Who may do a specific inspection","Category <strong>E</strong> (pest control operator structural) or <strong>PI</strong> (structural pest inspector) only"],["Complete report retention","<strong>Four years</strong>, on file with the inspecting firm, available to WSDA on written request"],["Specific report retention","<strong>One year</strong>, available to WSDA on request"],["WSDA contact","1-877-301-4555"],["ICN placement","Prominently displayed in the <strong>upper third of the front page</strong>, unique to the structure(s); it follows the original and any supplemental reports for that transaction and client. A new ICN is required for any subsequent sale, exchange or refinance"]],
|
||
calls:[{t:"law",h:"WAC 16-228-2015 — the six WDOs",x:"<strong>Carpenter ants · moisture ants · subterranean termites · dampwood termites · beetles in the family Anobiidae · wood decay fungi (wood rot).</strong> For each, report location and type of evidence. Subterranean termites must be reported when evidence is found in any accessible area <strong>or within three feet of the structure</strong>. Buprestid, cerambycid and lyctid emergence holes MAY be reported for clarification at the inspector's discretion. Brown pocket rot and shipworm damage occurring before manufacture must be reported as a <strong>non-reinfesting species or condition</strong>."}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"subter",cap:"Reportable evidence",h:"Evidence that triggers a report",
|
||
table:{head:["WDO","Evidence"],rows:[
|
||
["Carpenter ants","Live ants or carcasses · an accumulation of frass unique to carpenter ants · excavation or tunneling unique to carpenter ants"],
|
||
["Moisture ants","Live ants or carcasses · an accumulation of frass unique to moisture ants · excavation or tunneling unique to moisture ants"],
|
||
["Subterranean termites","Live termites including winged reproductives · galleries or fecal material unique to them in structural members · mud tubes unique to them on or in the structure · evidence on or in form wood, other nonstructural materials, or wood products in landscape materials"],
|
||
["Dampwood termites","Live termites including winged reproductives · galleries or fecal material unique to them · evidence on or in form wood, cellulose debris, other nonstructural materials or wood products"],
|
||
["Anobiid beetles","Circular <strong>1/16–1/8 in (1.5–3 mm)</strong> emergence holes in structural timbers · an accumulation of unique frass in and around holes or beneath wood where holes are present · wood showing the characteristic larval tunnels"],
|
||
["Wood decay fungi","Wood or wood products with visible damage unique to decay fungi · wood or wood products in which fungal bodies are developing. Report as \"wood decay fungi\" or \"wood rot\""]]},
|
||
calls:[{t:"exam",h:"WAC 16-228-2025 — conducive conditions",x:"Earth in direct contact with wood, or inadequate clearance between earth and wood or moisture-vulnerable material · vegetation in direct contact with the exterior · restricted or nonfunctioning gutter systems · conducive debris in substructures · bare or unimproved ground in substructures · standing water or evidence of seasonal standing water in a substructure · failed or missing caulk or grout at water splash areas · moisture from plumbing leaks, lack of ventilation, or other sources. <strong>A moisture barrier is a remedy, not a conducive condition.</strong>"}]},
|
||
|
||
{art:"anatomy",cap:"Definitions and limits",h:"Definitions, accessibility and the diagram",
|
||
table:{head:["Term","WAC definition"],rows:[
|
||
["Accessible areas","Areas typically and routinely visible by normal access."],
|
||
["Inaccessible areas","Parts that cannot be inspected without excavation or physical removal of objects — wall voids, spaces between floors, areas concealed by insulation, <strong>substructures with less than eighteen inches between unimproved ground and wood joists</strong> or the bottom of joistless wood floors, <strong>less than twelve inches between unimproved ground and wood girders</strong>, substructures with insufficient clearance between members, ducts or piping and finished grade to let an inspector pass, floors beneath coverings, sleeper floors, areas concealed by furniture, appliances or personal possessions, <strong>exterior wood decks with less than five feet clearance</strong>, locked rooms, or areas that imperil the inspector's health or safety. Inspectors are not required to make extraordinary efforts. <strong>Inaccessible areas are by their nature excluded from the inspection.</strong>"],
|
||
["Conducive debris","Cellulose or noncellulose material providing no structural support but serving as food or habitat — tree roots, stumps, formboards, scrap wood, paper, wood or paper product, or other natural or manufactured product."],
|
||
["Inadequate ventilation","A condition promoting retention of excessive moisture, identified by metal rust, condensation, mold, mildew or fungal growth."],
|
||
["Earth","Soil, decorative bark, gravel, rock, or other landscape materials."],
|
||
["Structure","A single building including exterior attached decks, walks, stairways or porches. Entry and exit decks to manufactured homes are part of the structure."],
|
||
["Detached structure","A separate structure not physically connected by a foundation or roof system."],
|
||
["Frass","Specifically solid larval insect excrement, but can include by-products of insect feeding or tunneling in wood or insulation."],
|
||
["WDO inspection report","<strong>The written opinion of an inspector licensed by WSDA, based upon what was visible and evident at the time of an inspection.</strong>"]]},
|
||
calls:[{t:"law",h:"Crawl areas and the report",x:"<strong>Substructure crawl areas must be inspected when accessible.</strong> Inaccessibility from inadequate clearance, ducting or piping, foundation walls, partitions or similar must be explained in the report and annotated on the diagram, and the findings must state that inaccessible crawl areas may be vulnerable to WDO infestation and should be made accessible for inspection."},
|
||
{t:"law",h:"Diagram rules",x:"A diagram is required for each report — but not when there are no findings under 16-228-2015 and 16-228-2025. Scaled diagrams are not required, but the diagram must reasonably resemble the perimeter or footprint and legibly convey required information. It must identify approximate locations of <strong>inaccessible areas, excluded areas, WDOs, damage and conducive conditions</strong>. Abbreviations require a legend. When no diagram is provided, this statement must appear prominently — above or beneath the ICN, or on the pre-inspection agreement or attachments — in <strong>larger print, highlighted, or bold</strong>: \"WAC 16-228-2045 requires that a diagram be prepared for WDO inspection reports. A copy is available upon request.\""},
|
||
{t:"",h:"Report contents",x:"ICN (complete only) · date of inspection on page one · name of the property owner, designated representative or purchaser of the report on page one · complete address including building number, street, city and state, with a building letter or unit number where several structures share an address · inspector's name and WSDA license number on page one. Findings must identify damage or infestation, explain conducive conditions in narrative form, describe and diagram each conducive condition, fully identify inaccessible areas in narrative where annotated, and list all excluded areas not already defined as inaccessible."},
|
||
{t:"exam",h:"When moisture-driven WDOs are found",x:"If moisture ants, dampwood termites, wood-infesting anobiids or wood decay fungi are detected, the inspector must identify and report the conducive condition(s), and <strong>the report must state that such infestations may be eliminated by removal of all infested wood and correction of any contributing conducive conditions.</strong>"},
|
||
{t:"law",h:"Preventative-only proposals",x:"On a specific inspection where no evidence of infestation is observed and any proposed treatment is preventative only, a statement explaining that must stand out in larger print, highlighted, underlined or bold — <strong>and be signed by the property owner or their designated representative</strong>."}]}
|
||
]});
|
||
|
||
CH.push({n:13,title:"The PMP's Role",short:"The Job",who:"Both",
|
||
blurb:"The service routine, from checking the truck to handling a claim. Judged by one question: would you pay for the service you just performed?",
|
||
plates:[
|
||
{art:"sprayer",cap:"Service routine",h:"The service day",
|
||
table:{head:["Stage","What good practice looks like"],rows:[
|
||
["Preparing","Review the job schedule and service slips for special materials or equipment. Confirm an adequate pesticide supply and that equipment is clean and functioning. Note special instructions — \"call when on your way\", \"pick up a key\". Review the map. Perform a regular vehicle safety check: gas, oil, water, tire pressure, lights."],
|
||
["Getting there","In a company vehicle your driving is company business. Be courteous and defensive; give other drivers the benefit of the doubt; avoid aggressive driving even when late — an accident or ticket makes you later still. <strong>The way you drive reflects on the whole company.</strong>"],
|
||
["Meeting the customer","Look neat and clean; <strong>a sloppy appearance suggests sloppy treatment technique</strong>. Clean shoes before entering — smooth soles rather than cleated. Wear coveralls in crawl spaces. Address customers formally. Avoid idle conversation. Never use profanity, smoke, or drink alcohol while working, even when offered. <strong>Avoid criticising a competitor's work</strong> — most people read it as building yourself up at others' expense. The quality of your work speaks for itself."],
|
||
["Identifying the problem","Ask what the customer has seen or heard. Find a specimen, or look for droppings in the case of rodents. Inspect thoroughly and verify the concern — sometimes it is an occasional invader that rarely requires any application. <strong>A common reason for control problems is failure to properly identify and understand the problem.</strong> If unsure, check with your supervisor — most customers appreciate a cautious PMP who gets the facts before spraying."],
|
||
["Performing the service","Confirm the pesticide is legal for that location and pest. <strong>Read the label.</strong> Take extra care near the very young, elderly or ill. Check for pets, plants and other concerns. <strong>Never spray clothing, bedding, children's toys, eating utensils or food</strong>; protect pet food and water dishes, aquaria and caged animals. Make sure equipment is clean and will not stain or discolor property."],
|
||
["Completing the job","Clean up puddles or drips that could be hazardous or leave unsightly residues. If asked to lock up, make sure everything is secure. If the customer is present, present the invoice before leaving. Encourage them to report problems, and thank them for the business."],
|
||
["Callbacks","Nonpaying and badly timed — but they are an opportunity to learn from mistakes, and customers who get prompt, cheerful callback service are very likely to call you again."],
|
||
["Accidents and claims","Prevention beats remedy. Know your products: some have strong odors; wettable powders leave visible whitish residues on dark surfaces at high concentrations; some stain carpet or furniture — <strong>if in doubt, spray an inconspicuous spot and let it dry</strong>. If an accident happens, show sympathy and express concern, but <strong>do not accept blame</strong> — it is not your responsibility to determine fault, and despite appearances you may not have caused it. Report to the office immediately by phone and complete a detailed written report <strong>the same day</strong>. A minor incident becomes a major problem when records are poor and you rely on memory. Report anything you think could become a claim."]]},
|
||
calls:[{t:"",h:"The measure of the work",x:"A good way to judge the value of your work is to ask yourself whether you would be willing to pay for the service you have just performed. If the answer is no, re-evaluate the job you are doing."},
|
||
{t:"",h:"Why the job matters",x:"Controlling WDOs may literally save a person's home. Controlling nuisance pests improves quality of life. Controlling medically important pests — cockroaches, yellowjackets, mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, rodents — may prevent illness, suffering, or death. Treating restaurants, food processing plants and hotels is what allows those businesses to stay open."}]}
|
||
]});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* ================= OFFICIAL PRACTICE EXAM (EM019 pp.120–134) ================= */
|
||
const EXAM=[
|
||
{c:1,q:"A third instar nymph is",o:["a caste or division of labor category in a termite colony.","a definitive stage just before the pupal stage.","the designated stage between the molted second instar and the next molt."],a:2,w:"An instar is the period between molts. Numbering starts at hatch: a newly hatched insect is a 1st instar; after the first molt it is a 2nd instar, and so on."},
|
||
{c:1,q:"Which of the following insect orders go through simple or gradual metamorphosis?",o:["Silverfish and firebrats","Beetles and weevils","Termites and grasshoppers"],a:2,w:"Silverfish and firebrats are ametabolous — no metamorphosis at all. Beetles are complex. Termites (Blattodea) and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) are simple: egg, nymph, adult."},
|
||
{c:1,q:"Which of the following insect orders go through complete or complex metamorphosis?",o:["Silverfish and firebrats","Beetles and weevils","Aphids and stink bugs"],a:1,w:"Coleoptera develop egg → larva → pupa → adult. Aphids and stink bugs are Hemiptera — simple metamorphosis."},
|
||
{c:1,q:"Insects have",o:["3 distinct body regions and 4 pairs of legs.","3 distinct body regions and 3 pairs of legs.","2 distinct body regions and 4 pairs of legs."],a:1,w:"Head, thorax, abdomen; three pairs of legs on the thorax; one pair of antennae. Four pairs of legs and two body regions describes an arachnid."},
|
||
{c:1,q:"Spiders are different from insects in that they",o:["have an exoskeleton.","are cold blooded.","have 2 distinct body regions: a cephalothorax and abdomen."],a:2,w:"Both groups have exoskeletons and are cold blooded — those don't separate them. The cephalothorax plus abdomen (and four pairs of legs, no antennae) does."},
|
||
{c:1,q:"Which of the following are always considered pests?",o:["Dampwood termites","Flies","Bed bugs"],a:2,w:"Dampwood termites in a forest are recyclers; many flies are harmless or beneficial. Bed bugs feed on sleeping people and have no beneficial role."},
|
||
{c:1,q:"Termites go through the following developmental stages:",o:["Egg, nymph, pupa, adult","Egg, larva, pupa, adult","Egg, nymph, adult"],a:2,w:"Simple metamorphosis. There is no pupal stage in Blattodea."},
|
||
|
||
{c:2,q:"IPM is",o:["a decision-making process.","a pest control technique.","a technique that excludes pesticides as an option."],a:0,w:"IPM decides IF, WHERE, WHEN and WHICH. It never prohibits chemicals — pesticides are used in many IPM programs."},
|
||
{c:2,q:"The first step in IPM is",o:["select a pesticide.","identify the pest.","prevent pest problems."],a:1,w:"Analysing the pest problem starts with correct identification — you cannot treat cockroaches effectively without knowing which species is present."},
|
||
{c:2,q:"An action threshold or injury level is best defined as",o:["The level of pest damage or pest numbers that requires control measures be taken.","The short-term corrective action taken to manage the pest.","The time when it is too late to manage the pest."],a:0,w:"The action level is set once the injury level is determined — it is the point at which management prevents the pest from reaching the injury level."},
|
||
{c:2,q:"Fumigation is always a reasonable pest management option for most of the structural pests in Washington.",o:["True","False"],a:1,w:"Space fumigation is only appropriate when normal methods will not control the problem, and those situations are rare in the Pacific Northwest."},
|
||
{c:2,q:"A duster is used to apply",o:["a liquid insecticide as a perimeter application.","dust into a wall void.","a fumigant."],a:1,w:"Hand plunger dusters treat wall or attic voids; bellows and bulb dusters place small quantities precisely. Fumigants are released from canisters into a sealed space."},
|
||
|
||
{c:3,q:"Dampwood termites are found only in",o:["wet wood.","the soil.","dry wood."],a:0,w:"They require wet or damp wood from soil contact, leaks, faulty grades or condensation, and they live in the wood they eat rather than returning to soil."},
|
||
{c:3,q:"The inside of subterranean termite shelter or mud tubes appear",o:["scaly or pebbled.","ridged.","ribbed."],a:0,w:"Their fecal pellets are clumped into the tubes and galleries rather than scattered loose, giving the scaled or pebbled texture."},
|
||
{c:3,q:"Dampwood termites swarm in",o:["spring.","early summer.","late summer or early fall."],a:2,w:"On warm evenings in late summer or fall, especially after rains."},
|
||
{c:3,q:"Mature dampwood termite soldiers are",o:["3/16 inch long.","3/4 inch long.","1 inch long."],a:1,w:"About 3/4 inch (20 mm), with head and mandibles about a third of that length. 3/16 inch is a subterranean worker; ~1 inch is a dampwood winged reproductive."},
|
||
{c:3,q:"The presence of an active dampwood termite colony under a house",o:["requires treatment with an insecticide.","is an indication of a moisture problem.","can be ignored."],a:1,w:"Chemical treatment alone will not eliminate them — control means eliminating or repairing unsound wood and correcting the moisture."},
|
||
{c:3,q:"Subterranean termite swarming in western Washington occurs",o:["predominately in spring.","predominately in midsummer.","predominately in fall."],a:2,w:"Fall in western Washington; spring in eastern Washington. They may swarm at any time depending on weather."},
|
||
|
||
{c:4,q:"Which of the following ant groups are primary wood-destroying organisms (WDOs)?",o:["Moisture ants","Odorous house ants","Carpenter ants"],a:2,w:"Most carpenter ant species start in decayed wood but extend tunnelling into sound wood — the definition of a primary WDO."},
|
||
{c:4,q:"Which of the following insect groups are secondary WDOs?",o:["Moisture ants","Subterranean termites","Pavement ants"],a:0,w:"Moisture ants colonise wood that is already decayed — the moisture problem invariably existed first. Subterranean termites attack sound dry wood; pavement ants are a nuisance pest."},
|
||
{c:4,q:"Which of the following carpenter ant life stages is not found in a satellite colony?",o:["Eggs","Larvae","Workers"],a:0,w:"Satellite colonies hold larvae, pupae, workers and winged reproductives — but no eggs and no functioning queen."},
|
||
{c:4,q:"Which of the following ant groups is polymorphic?",o:["Pavement ants","Thatching ants","Pharaoh ants"],a:1,w:"Thatching ants (Formica) vary in worker size within a colony, as do carpenter ants. Pavement and pharaoh ants are monomorphic."},
|
||
{c:4,q:"Accumulating piles of sawdust in various locations (e.g., on crawl space floor) are indicators of a",o:["carpenter ant infestation.","pavement ant infestation.","moisture ant infestation."],a:0,w:"Carpenter ant sawdust often contains insect parts and dead ants. Moisture ant frass is dark and found around water leaks where decay occurs."},
|
||
{c:4,q:"Ants go through the following developmental stages:",o:["Egg, pupa, adult","Egg, larva, pupa, adult","Egg, nymph, pupa, adult"],a:1,w:"All ants undergo complete metamorphosis; egg to adult takes about 60 days under normal conditions."},
|
||
{c:4,q:"Thatching ants",o:["have stingers.","always build mounds.","sometimes nest in wall voids."],a:2,w:"They bite hard and spray formic acid rather than stinging, and some species nest subterraneously rather than building mounds — but they have been observed nesting in wall voids."},
|
||
|
||
{c:5,q:"Lyctid beetles go through the following developmental stages:",o:["Egg, nymph, adult","Egg, larva, pupa, adult","Egg, nymph, pupa, adult"],a:1,w:"All beetles are Coleoptera — complete metamorphosis."},
|
||
{c:5,q:"Anobiids produce a",o:["powdery talc-like frass.","granular (gritty) pellet-like frass.","6-sided frass pellets."],a:1,w:"Powdery, face-powder frass is the lyctid signature; hexagonal pellets belong to the dampwood termite."},
|
||
{c:5,q:"Golden buprestids are",o:["always regarded as a WDO.","never regarded as a WDO.","on rare occasions considered a structural pest."],a:2,w:"Only rarely — where larval populations are dense in flooring or fundamental material can they cause structural weakening. Emerging beetles fly away and do no further damage."},
|
||
{c:5,q:"Shipworms are",o:["a form of termite.","a type of structure-infesting beetle.","a wood-eating clam."],a:2,w:"They attack logs and lumber in salt water and die when the wood is removed from the water. No treatment is needed."},
|
||
{c:5,q:"Wood–soil contact is a common and necessary condition conducive to the establishment of",o:["carpenter ants.","fungal rot.","subterranean termites."],a:1,w:"Decay fungi need free water in the wood — above about 30% moisture content — and wood-soil contact supplies it. It is also the first thing to look for when probing for decay."},
|
||
{c:5,q:"Lyctids infest which of the following types of wood?",o:["Douglas-fir","Oak","Hemlock"],a:1,w:"They feed predominantly on the starch in hardwoods — oak, ash, and bamboo. Douglas-fir and hemlock are softwoods, the province of the anobiids."},
|
||
{c:5,q:"In the Pacific Northwest, anobiids",o:["are primary WDOs.","are the primary structural beetle pest of home wood members (e.g., joists, studs, etc.).","cannot survive in structural timber."],a:1,w:"They are secondary WDOs because they cannot survive in dry wood — but they cause most of the structural beetle damage in the region, especially the western deathwatch beetle in crawl spaces at 13–18% moisture content."},
|
||
|
||
{c:6,q:"Cockroaches go through the following developmental stages:",o:["Egg, nymph, adult","Egg, nymph, pupa, adult","Egg, larva, adult"],a:0,w:"Simple metamorphosis, with five to thirteen molts depending on species and conditions."},
|
||
{c:6,q:"The most commonly encountered cockroach in apartments, homes, and restaurants in the Pacific Northwest is the",o:["American cockroach.","German cockroach.","brownbanded cockroach."],a:1,w:"It produces more eggs and more generations per year than any other species here, so a few individuals become an infestation quickly."},
|
||
{c:6,q:"Which of the following cockroaches carries her egg case up until the day before the eggs are ready to hatch?",o:["German cockroach","American cockroach","Oriental cockroach"],a:0,w:"It is the only cockroach in our area that carries the ootheca that long. Nymphs emerge 1–2 days after it is dropped in a secluded spot."},
|
||
{c:6,q:"Which of the following cockroach species lacks wings or has very stubby wings?",o:["German cockroach","American cockroach","Oriental cockroach"],a:2,w:"The female is 1 1/4 in with a broad abdomen and stubby wings; the male's wings cover two-thirds of the abdomen. Neither flies or even runs quickly."},
|
||
{c:6,q:"Which has become the most common type of insecticide treatment for controlling cockroaches?",o:["Residual sprays","Space sprays","Baits"],a:2,w:"Baits have long residual life, are targeted, raise fewer contamination concerns and can be used in sensitive areas — but placement matters and competing food must be eliminated."},
|
||
|
||
{c:7,q:"Which of the following food pest beetles has a characteristic “snout”?",o:["Granary weevil","Drugstore beetle","Sawtooth grain beetle"],a:0,w:"Weevils are snouted. The sawtoothed grain beetle is recognised instead by six teeth on each side of the prothorax."},
|
||
{c:7,q:"Carpet beetles feed on",o:["all carpets.","only animal products (e.g., wool).","both drygoods and animal products."],a:2,w:"Larvae prefer keratin, but several species also infest stored food and grain products, cat and dog food, seeds and bone meal."},
|
||
{c:7,q:"The most common wool-infesting moth in Washington is the",o:["white-shouldered moth.","casemaking clothes moth.","web-spinning clothes moth."],a:1,w:"Tinea pellionella — smaller and darker than the webbing clothes moth, with three dark spots on the wings, and its larva carries a silken case wherever it goes."},
|
||
{c:7,q:"The most common food-infesting beetle in western Washington is the",o:["sawtooth grain beetle.","granary beetle.","drugstore beetle."],a:2,w:"The sawtoothed grain beetle is the major bran bug of eastern Washington; the drugstore beetle is the most frequent offender in the west."},
|
||
{c:7,q:"Beetles go through which of the following developmental stages?",o:["Egg, larva, pupa, adult","Egg, larva, adult","Egg, nymph, pupa, adult"],a:0,w:"Complete metamorphosis, and the larva is usually the destructive stage."},
|
||
{c:7,q:"Grain mites are most likely to thrive, given food availability, under which conditions?",o:["Very dry and warm conditions (above 90°F)","Very humid and moderate conditions (65–75°F)","Very humid and warm conditions (above 90°F)"],a:1,w:"They survive near freezing and are generally more prevalent during the colder months."},
|
||
|
||
{c:8,q:"Which stage of the cluster fly overwinters in attics or wall voids?",o:["Egg","Pupa","Adult"],a:2,w:"Adults congregate in attics like face flies and emerge into the home a few at a time all winter, flying at a window until they die."},
|
||
{c:8,q:"The cluster fly maggot feeds as a",o:["parasite in earthworms.","bot in rabbits.","larva on fermenting plant material."],a:0,w:"That is what makes it an atypical blow fly."},
|
||
{c:8,q:"When vinegar flies or fruit flies become a problem it is usually because there",o:["is a dead animal in the vicinity.","are lots of houseplants around.","is a source of fermenting plant material nearby."],a:2,w:"A dead animal points to blow flies; houseplants point to fungus gnats. Fruit flies also breed in drains, disposals, bottles, mops and rags — scrub the site out, since bleach and hot water won't eliminate it."},
|
||
{c:8,q:"Flies go through which of the following developmental stages?",o:["Egg, nymph, pupa, adult","Egg, larva, pupa, adult","Egg, nymph, adult"],a:1,w:"Diptera have complete metamorphosis; advanced larvae are maggots with no head capsule."},
|
||
{c:8,q:"Millipedes are",o:["secondary wood-destroying organisms.","crop-destroying arthropods.","herbivorous, usually feeding on decaying plant material."],a:2,w:"They enter houses accidentally, are attracted to damp areas, and damage nothing but the occasional houseplant."},
|
||
{c:8,q:"Springtails prefer to live in",o:["dry areas.","moist areas.","very hot areas."],a:1,w:"They feed on decaying organic matter in or on soil, and indoors they dry up and die quickly unless they find somewhere moist."},
|
||
|
||
{c:9,q:"Yellowjackets overwinter in the Pacific Northwest as",o:["eggs.","workers.","inseminated new queens."],a:2,w:"They shelter under bark, in stumps, in hollow logs or in attics, and emerge on the first warm days of spring — rarely March, usually May."},
|
||
{c:9,q:"African bees are",o:["dangerous because they can sting multiple times.","not particularly dangerous.","dangerous because they can release a particularly efficient alarm pheromone that results in many bees attacking a victim."],a:2,w:"Claims of repeated stinging and especially potent venom are not true — like any honey bee they sting once, and the venoms are identical in action. The difference is how many are recruited to attack, and how far they pursue."},
|
||
{c:9,q:"Spiders have",o:["3 pairs of legs and 2 distinctive body regions.","4 pairs of legs and 2 distinctive body regions.","4 pairs of legs and 3 distinctive body regions."],a:1,w:"Cephalothorax and abdomen, four pairs of legs, no antennae, no wings."},
|
||
{c:9,q:"The brown recluse spider is found",o:["only in western Washington.","only in the southwestern states.","in southeastern states."],a:2,w:"Only two specimens have ever been identified in Washington and both were apparently imported. Hobo spider bites are frequently misdiagnosed as recluse bites."},
|
||
{c:9,q:"Yellowjackets",o:["re-use their nests each year.","start new nests each spring.","sometimes re-use their nests in the spring."],a:1,w:"Abandoned nests rapidly decompose over winter. Remove one from an attic or eave anyway — it can seed carpet beetles."},
|
||
{c:9,q:"West Nile virus is found",o:["only in birds.","in horses, humans, and certain birds.","only in horses."],a:1,w:"Birds are the primary host; mammals are dead-end hosts. Horses are particularly susceptible — 30–40% of symptomatic infected horses die or are permanently disabled."},
|
||
{c:9,q:"Which of the following is transmitted by ticks?",o:["Rabies","Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever","Trichinosis"],a:1,w:"Rabies comes from the bite of an infected mammal — in Washington primarily bats. Trichinosis comes from eating infected pork."},
|
||
|
||
{c:10,q:"To kill bed bugs, the temperature needs to be at least",o:["100°F.","120°F.","180°F."],a:1,w:"Launder garments at 120°F minimum; wash items showing stains at 140°F; whole-room heaters reach 135°F. Heat leaves no residual control."},
|
||
{c:10,q:"Bed bugs have",o:["wings.","chewing mouthparts.","piercing-sucking mouthparts."],a:2,w:"They are true bugs (Hemiptera) and are wingless. They inject an anesthetic and an anticoagulant when they feed."},
|
||
{c:10,q:"Bed bugs are only found in beds.",o:["True","False"],a:1,w:"They live within 5–20 feet of where people sleep — moldings, carpet edges, walls, ceilings, alarm clocks, remote controls, light fixtures, vents, picture frames, switch plates and clutter of any kind."},
|
||
{c:10,q:"An important step in bed bug management is:",o:["Visual inspection to confirm bed bug location and population.","Pesticide applications to all living areas when a single bed bug is found in a dwelling.","Abandon the room or building until bed bugs disappear."],a:0,w:"The only way to confirm an infestation is to identify live insects. Abandoning rooms is no guarantee, and blanket applications risk driving them into adjacent units."},
|
||
{c:10,q:"Which of the following lifestages are killed by steam treatments?",o:["Eggs","Nymph","All lifestages"],a:2,w:"Including the eggs, which are protected from most pesticides — but only where the steam actually reaches. Steam before vacuuming."},
|
||
|
||
{c:11,q:"Norway rats have",o:["large ears.","small ears.","a tail that is longer than the head and body."],a:1,w:"The ear will not quite reach the eye if pulled forward, the muzzle is blunt, and the tail is shorter than the body. Large ears and a long tail describe the roof rat."},
|
||
{c:11,q:"Hantavirus is carried largely by",o:["skunks.","deer mice.","squirrels."],a:1,w:"Sin Nombre hantavirus is associated with deer mouse urine, saliva and feces, and is contracted by breathing contaminated dust when a nest is disturbed or dry droppings are swept."},
|
||
{c:11,q:"Bats can carry",o:["rabies.","measles.","chicken pox."],a:0,w:"Bats are the primary rabies carrier in Washington. Treat every bat bite as a potential exposure; never handle one bare-handed."},
|
||
{c:11,q:"Bait shyness in rodents",o:["occurs when the bait odor is not attractive.","occurs because human odors are present on the bait.","is commonly a problem when inadequate control with an acute toxicant was not achieved after the first baiting."],a:2,w:"Zinc phosphide is the only true acute rodenticide registered here, and its symptoms come on soon enough that a survivor associates the pain with the bait — which is why it is preferably used no more than once a year."},
|
||
{c:11,q:"Snap traps for rodents such as mice should be placed",o:["parallel to a wall.","perpendicular to a wall with the trigger next to the wall.","perpendicular to a wall with the trigger away from the wall."],a:1,w:"Rodents run walls by touch. A double set increases success; secure rat traps so wounded animals cannot drag them off."},
|
||
|
||
{c:12,q:"Which of the following is a wood-destroying organism (WDO) according to Washington law?",o:["Thatching ants","Moisture ants","Mold"],a:1,w:"WAC 16-228-2005 lists carpenter ants, moisture ants, subterranean termites, dampwood termites, beetles in the family Anobiidae, and wood decay fungi."},
|
||
{c:12,q:"Substructure crawl areas must be inspected when accessible.",o:["True","False"],a:0,w:"And where they are inaccessible, the reason must be explained in the report, annotated on the diagram, and the findings must state that they may be vulnerable and should be made accessible."},
|
||
{c:12,q:"Which of the following would not be considered a conducive condition?",o:["Moisture from plumbing leaks","Earth in direct contact with wood","Moisture barrier"],a:2,w:"A vapor barrier is a remedy — bare or unimproved ground in a substructure is the conducive condition it corrects."}
|
||
];
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* ================= GLOSSARY (EM019 pp.135–141) ================= */
|
||
const GLOSS=[
|
||
["Abatement","Making something less of a nuisance."],
|
||
["Abdomen","The third body division of an insect, and farthest from the head."],
|
||
["Action Level","The level of pest damage or number of pests that requires treatment to prevent them from reaching the injury level."],
|
||
["Aerosol","Liquid applied as a fine mist from a pressurized container."],
|
||
["Aesthetic Threshold","The degree of visual damage to a structure that warrants management action."],
|
||
["Aestivation","Passing of the summer months in a state of inactivity by certain mammals."],
|
||
["Agitation","Steadily shaking something."],
|
||
["Ametabolous","Without metamorphosis."],
|
||
["Anaphylactic Shock","A serious, often life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by low blood pressure, shock, and difficulty in breathing."],
|
||
["Anemia","A deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood."],
|
||
["Annulate","Having ring-like segments."],
|
||
["Antenna (pl. antennae)","A pair of appendages on the head and above the mouthparts, usually used as sensory organs."],
|
||
["Anticoagulant","A substance that prevents blood clotting, resulting in internal bleeding."],
|
||
["Antiseptic","A substance that is destructive to organisms that cause infection."],
|
||
["Arboreal","Living in or frequently visiting trees."],
|
||
["Baseboard","A molding that conceals the joint between an interior wall and the floor."],
|
||
["Borate","An inorganic compound applied to wood to kill wood-feeding insects and fungi."],
|
||
["Caste","The form or type of adult in social insects like termites and ants."],
|
||
["Cell Lumen","The cavity bounded by a plant cell wall."],
|
||
["Cell Wall","The rigid outer layer of a cell found in plants and some algae and fungi."],
|
||
["Cellulose","A complex carbohydrate that forms the cell wall in most plants."],
|
||
["Cerci","A pair of appendages on the abdominal end of an arthropod."],
|
||
["Cocoon","A silky covering that protects insects during the pupal stage."],
|
||
["Cold-Fog Generator","A fog generator (mist applicator) that uses large volumes of air to create fine mists of a water-based pesticide."],
|
||
["Colony","A group of individual insects (not a mated pair) that cooperatively construct nests or rear offspring."],
|
||
["Complete WDO Inspection Report","The written opinion of an inspector licensed by the WSDA based upon what was visible and evident at the time of an inspection."],
|
||
["Complex (complete) Metamorphosis","A transformation process of some insects that typically involves four distinct consecutive stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult."],
|
||
["Concave","Hollowed or depressed; shaped like the interior curved surface of a sphere."],
|
||
["Conductor","A substance that permits the passage of electric current."],
|
||
["Conspicuous","Easily seen or noticed."],
|
||
["Constriction","A narrowing or tightening of an opening."],
|
||
["Contact Pesticide Spray","A chemical that kills pests when it touches them, as opposed to after ingestion."],
|
||
["Convex","Shaped like the exterior curved surface of a sphere."],
|
||
["Corrosiveness","The tendency to become slowly degraded by chemical reactions."],
|
||
["Cyst","A small capsule-like sac that protects certain organisms in their dormant or larval stage."],
|
||
["Dehumidify","To remove excess moisture from the air of an enclosed space."],
|
||
["Delamination","The division of a structure into layers."],
|
||
["Delusory Parasitosis (DP)","A medical disorder in which a person holds a mistaken belief of being infested by parasites such as mites, lice, fleas, spiders, worms, bacteria, etc."],
|
||
["Depredation","Predatory attacks on a pest population."],
|
||
["Dermal","Having to do with the skin."],
|
||
["Dermatitis","A skin disease involving redness and swelling."],
|
||
["Diapause","A period of reduced metabolic rate when metamorphosis does not occur."],
|
||
["Dilute","To make thinner or less concentrated by adding a liquid, such as water."],
|
||
["Drift","The dispersal of pesticide spray particles away from the intended application site by wind, etc."],
|
||
["Entomology","The study of insects and their close relatives."],
|
||
["Entomophobia","A morbid fear of insects."],
|
||
["Enzyme","Any of numerous proteins produced by living organisms and functioning as specialized catalysts for biochemical reactions."],
|
||
["EPA","Environmental Protection Agency — the U.S. agency charged with protecting human health and safeguarding the air, water, and land of the natural environment."],
|
||
["Epaulette","A design or ornament displayed on the shoulder."],
|
||
["Equine","Pertaining to horses."],
|
||
["Eradication","The elimination of a population of organisms."],
|
||
["Estimate","An approximation of the cost of a service or project."],
|
||
["Excavate","To create a cavity or depression by cutting, digging, or scooping."],
|
||
["Exclusion","The prevention of the entrance of an organism into a space."],
|
||
["Exoskeleton","The segmented, rigid external covering of an insect."],
|
||
["Exudate","Material slowly secreted through small openings of an insect's body."],
|
||
["Fascia Board","A horizontal board used as a facing across the end of roof rafters."],
|
||
["Feasibility","The possibility of doing something."],
|
||
["Fecal Pellet","A variously-shaped piece of excrement passed by an organism."],
|
||
["Feces","Excrement passed by an organism."],
|
||
["FIFRA","The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act — provides federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use to the EPA."],
|
||
["Foliar","Pertaining to the leaves of a plant."],
|
||
["Formulation","A particular combination of substances that make up a pesticide and determine how it must be applied."],
|
||
["Frass","Insect fecal material."],
|
||
["Fumigant","A deadly volatile gas applied to control pests in a confined area. Examples: naphthalene, chloropicrin, methyl bromide."],
|
||
["Fumigation","The application of a deadly volatile gas to control pests in a confined area."],
|
||
["Fungicide","A chemical substance that kills or inhibits the development of fungi."],
|
||
["Fungus (pl. fungi)","A group of organisms characterized by hyphae that aggregate into mycelia, but lacking the chlorophyll necessary for utilizing sunlight to make food."],
|
||
["Gable","The triangular portion of the end wall of a house with a pitched roof."],
|
||
["Gallery","A tunnel in wood created by a wood-boring insect."],
|
||
["Galvanized","Protected (metal) from rusting by a coating of zinc."],
|
||
["Gastroenteritis","Inflammation of the membrane lining of the stomach and intestines, sometimes associated with Salmonella bacteria."],
|
||
["Gastrointestinal","Pertaining to the stomach and intestines."],
|
||
["Glandular","Pertaining to a tissue or organ that secretes substances essential to the proper functioning of the body."],
|
||
["Grade","The slope of a surface (soil, cement, etc.)."],
|
||
["Growth Regulator","A chemical that alters the growth processes of a plant or animal."],
|
||
["Guano","The fecal matter of bats."],
|
||
["Harborage","Places that provide shelter and protection to a population of organisms."],
|
||
["Haverhill Fever","The most frequently occurring rat-bite fever in the United States, similar to sodoku."],
|
||
["Hazard","The chance or risk of becoming injured or harmed."],
|
||
["Hemolymph","The circulatory fluid of insects and their relatives that is analogous to blood."],
|
||
["Hemolymphostatic Pressure","Internal body pressure caused by the circulatory fluid of insects."],
|
||
["Hemolytic","Destructive to red blood cells."],
|
||
["Hibernation","Passing of the winter months in a state of inactivity by certain animals."],
|
||
["Histoplasmosis","An airborne disease caused by a microscopic soil fungus common in the southeastern and central states, causing mostly mild symptoms such as cough, fever, and malaise."],
|
||
["Honeydew","The sugar-rich, honey-like secretion of some insects, particularly aphids. Used as nutrition by many insects, especially ants."],
|
||
["HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)","A virus causing a disease spread by infected deer mice. Human infection may occur from breathing air or touching places contaminated with deer mouse droppings or urine containing the virus."],
|
||
["HUD Loan","A low-interest loan procured by the federal Department of Housing & Urban Development."],
|
||
["Hybridize","To breed organisms using parents of different varieties or closely-related species."],
|
||
["Hygiene","Prevention of the spreading of disease."],
|
||
["Hypha (pl. hyphae)","A thread-like projection or filament from the body of a fungus."],
|
||
["ICN (Inspection Control Number)","Available only from WSDA, it verifies that an inspector is properly licensed and has demonstrated financial responsibility. It should be listed in the upper right hand corner of the first page of a Complete WDO Inspection Report."],
|
||
["Immunity","The ability to be protected from something."],
|
||
["Incipient","Beginning to exist or appear."],
|
||
["Inconspicuous","Not easily seen or noticed."],
|
||
["Infertile","Unable to reproduce."],
|
||
["Ingestion","The taking-in of a substance through the digestive tract."],
|
||
["Inhalation","The taking-in of a substance through the respiratory tract."],
|
||
["Injury Level","The level of damage or numbers of a pest that cause unacceptable injury."],
|
||
["Insecticide","A chemical substance that kills or inhibits the development of insects."],
|
||
["Inseminated","Having received sperm cells from a male."],
|
||
["Insomnia","A habitual inability to sleep."],
|
||
["Instar","The stage of insect development after egg hatch, but before each larval molt."],
|
||
["IPM (Integrated Pest Management)","A coordinated decision-making and action process that uses the most appropriate pest control methods and strategies in an environmentally and economically sound manner to meet management objectives."],
|
||
["Jaundice","The yellowing of the skin due to bile pigments, typically a symptom of liver illness."],
|
||
["Joist","One of a series of parallel beams used to support floor and ceiling loads, themselves supported by larger beams or bearing walls."],
|
||
["Keratin","The primary protein component that makes up hair, nails, and skin."],
|
||
["Larva (pl. larvae)","The immature form of an insect that undergoes complex metamorphosis after hatching from the egg but prior to pupating into an adult."],
|
||
["LD50","The lethal dose of a pesticide required to kill 50% of a group of test animals under certain conditions; expressed in milligrams of toxicant per kilogram of animal body weight."],
|
||
["Leptospirosis (Weil's disease)","A disease caused by Leptospira spp. bacteria that may enter humans through mucous membranes, minor cuts, or abrasions after direct or indirect contact with infected rodent urine."],
|
||
["Lethargy","A state of abnormal drowsiness or prolonged sleep."],
|
||
["Liability","The state of being legally accountable or responsible for something."],
|
||
["Listeriosis","Infection by the Listeria species of bacteria, leading to miscarriage, stillbirth, or premature birth."],
|
||
["Louvered Vent","A vent covered with fixed or movable horizontal slats that admit air and light but prevent the entrance of rainwater."],
|
||
["Lumen","The cavity in a plant cell bounded by the cell wall."],
|
||
["Lyme Disease","Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted to humans by a bite from an infected Ixodes sp. tick. Affects the nervous and circulatory systems."],
|
||
["Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis","A form of meningitis caused by a particular virus, with symptoms similar to meningitis, encephalitis, or myelitis."],
|
||
["Maxillary Palpi","Small, feeler-like structures arising from the maxilla."],
|
||
["Metamorphosis","The transformation of insects in shape, form, and/or substance through three or more successive stages of development."],
|
||
["Micron (micrometer)","A metric unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter."],
|
||
["Molt","One of a series of stages in which an insect outgrows and sheds its exoskeleton."],
|
||
["Monomorphic","Having workers that are all the same size."],
|
||
["Mortar","A mixture of lime, sand, and water used in laying bricks and rocks."],
|
||
["Murine Typhus Fever","A short-lived infectious disease causing headache and rash, caused by Rickettsia typhi and transmitted to humans by rat fleas from animal reservoirs including rats and mice."],
|
||
["Mycelium (pl. mycelia)","A vegetative network of hyphae that form a fungus."],
|
||
["Myiasis","The invasion of living tissue by fly larvae (maggots)."],
|
||
["Naphthalene","A white compound derived from petroleum used as a synthetic organic insecticide, repellent, or fumigant."],
|
||
["Nape","The back of the neck."],
|
||
["Nausea","A feeling of sickness characterized by a desire to vomit."],
|
||
["Necrotic","Affected by the death of groups of cells in a particular area."],
|
||
["Neoprene","A synthetic rubber used in weather-resistant products (gloves, clothes, etc.)."],
|
||
["Nit","1. A louse egg. 2. An immature louse."],
|
||
["Nixolite","A commercial product used to exclude pest birds, consisting of a layer of sharp jacks strung together with giant barbs pointing in all directions."],
|
||
["Nocturnal","Active and seeking food at night."],
|
||
["Nodular Conjunctivitis","A disease causing a bumpy inflammation pattern on the clear membranes coating the inner eyelids and outer eye surfaces."],
|
||
["Nonconductive","Does not permit the flow of electricity."],
|
||
["Noxious","Poisonous, deadly, or otherwise causing injury to one's health."],
|
||
["NPMA","National Pest Management Association — the national trade association for the pest control industry."],
|
||
["Nymph","The development stage between the egg and adult in simple metamorphosis. Nymphs shed and replace their exoskeletons many times prior to adulthood."],
|
||
["Ocelli","A simple eye of an insect or arthropod."],
|
||
["Ootheca (pl. oothecae)","The leathery, purse-like egg case of some insects, including cockroaches."],
|
||
["Oviposit","To lay or deposit eggs."],
|
||
["Ovipositor","The egg-laying apparatus; the external genitalia of the female."],
|
||
["Paralysis","Partial or complete loss of sensation or voluntary motion of the body."],
|
||
["Parent Colony","The central, main ant colony in a group of neighboring colonies, characterized by having a functional queen and all other stages of development."],
|
||
["Pedicel","A stalk or stem that supports an organ or other structure of an insect."],
|
||
["Pediculosis","Infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially Pediculus humanus."],
|
||
["Perimeter","The outer limits of an area."],
|
||
["Persistence","The continuance of effects long after the time of application."],
|
||
["Pesticide","A substance used to kill or otherwise control pest organisms, such as insects, fungi, and weeds."],
|
||
["Pheromone","A chemical substance produced by one organism to communicate with other members of the same species."],
|
||
["Phytotoxicity","Injury to plants."],
|
||
["Pier Post","Heavy timbers or pillars set on cement blocks or cast in place to form a support member."],
|
||
["Pincers","The grasping appendages of some insects, scorpions, etc."],
|
||
["Plague (Black Death)","A deadly disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and transmitted by rodent fleas. It killed millions during the Middle Ages."],
|
||
["Plunger Duster","A plunger or piston-type pump coupled with a metal or glass container, allowing dust to be forced out a discharge tube."],
|
||
["PMP (Pest Management Professional)","A person or company that applies pesticides to control pest organisms in structural environments; also called an exterminator or PCO."],
|
||
["Polygenic","Having more than one queen in a colony."],
|
||
["Polymer","A chemical compound consisting of millions of repeated linked units that give wood strength and endurance, which can be lost when insects or fungi release enzymes to break apart the links."],
|
||
["Polymorphic","Having many sizes of workers."],
|
||
["Prebait","A non-poisonous attractant used to lure pests into frequently feeding at a particular location prior to the application of a pesticide-laced attractant."],
|
||
["Predacious","Living by preying upon other organisms."],
|
||
["Pronotum","The dorsal plate of an insect's prothorax."],
|
||
["Proteolytic","Promoting the breakdown of proteins into smaller units."],
|
||
["Prothorax","The anterior part of the thorax of an insect that bears the first pair of legs."],
|
||
["Psammophore","One or more rows of hairs under the mandibles of a specific genus of ants (Pogonomyrmex)."],
|
||
["Pseudomyiasis","A condition resulting from consuming fly eggs that hatch into larvae in the intestinal tract and are eventually excreted in feces. Nausea and abdominal discomfort may result."],
|
||
["Psoriasis","A common chronic skin disease exhibiting an uneven pattern of scaly texture and spongy pockets of pus."],
|
||
["Pupa (pl. pupae)","An individual in the third phase of complex metamorphosis, during which larval body features are transformed into adult body features."],
|
||
["PVC (Polyvinyl chloride)","A common thermoplastic material used for piping and insulating wires."],
|
||
["Pyrotechnics","Explosive devices such as noise bombs, bird bombs, crow bombs, racket bombs, and noise rockets meant to scare away birds and other animals."],
|
||
["Quiescent","Still and quiet."],
|
||
["Rabbit Fever (Tularemia)","A rare infection caused by Francisella tularensis. Humans contract it by insect bite or direct contact with an infected animal or its carcass. Symptoms include an ulcer at the infection site, lymph node swelling, pneumonia, fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain."],
|
||
["Rabies","A disease caused by a virus transmitted through the bite of an infected animal such as a bat or rodent. Symptoms include foaming at the mouth, madness, and eventually death."],
|
||
["Rafter","One of a series of structural members of a roof designed to support roof loads."],
|
||
["Rafter Tail","The bottom section of a rafter that extends beyond the wall from the roof."],
|
||
["Rat-Bite Fever","A disease caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis, found in the mouths of rats and transferred to humans by rat bites."],
|
||
["Repellents","Materials and devices used to discourage the presence of pests."],
|
||
["Reservoir","An alternate or passive host or carrier that harbors disease-causing organisms."],
|
||
["Residual Pesticide Spray","A chemical that remains active in the environment for days, weeks, or even months after application, affecting a pest population over that period."],
|
||
["Residue","Pesticide remaining on targeted surfaces after an application has been completed."],
|
||
["Respirator","A device worn over the mouth or nose to protect the respiratory tract and provide a safe source of oxygen for breathing."],
|
||
["Rhizome","A horizontal, usually underground stem of a plant that often sends out roots and shoots."],
|
||
["Rickettsialpox","A mild infectious disease caused by Rickettsia akari and transmitted by chiggers or mites. Symptoms include fever, a dark ulcer, swollen glands, and a raised blistery rash."],
|
||
["Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever","An acute infectious disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by ticks. Symptoms include muscular pain, high fever, and skin eruptions. Endemic throughout North America."],
|
||
["Rodenticide","A pesticide used for controlling rodents and other related vertebrates."],
|
||
["Rotenone","A botanical organic insecticide that degrades rapidly in the environment, an important ingredient in household and livestock sprays."],
|
||
["Salmonellosis","Infection with Salmonella spp. bacteria from contact with contaminated animals."],
|
||
["Satellite Colony","An outlying ant colony smaller than the parent colony with no functional queen or eggs and very few 1st instar nymphs, but all other stages of development. It remains in contact with the parent colony."],
|
||
["Scavenger","Any organism that feeds on refuse, decaying animal remains, etc."],
|
||
["Secretion","The production of a liquid substance from an animal or plant organ."],
|
||
["Serum","The clear, pale-yellow liquid part of an animal's blood."],
|
||
["Simple Metamorphosis","A transformation process found in some insects that typically involves only three distinct, consecutive stages: egg, nymph, and adult."],
|
||
["Siphonage","The passing of liquid through a tubular structure in certain animals."],
|
||
["Skirting","Material that hangs from the sides of a deck to conceal the underlying area."],
|
||
["Slab","A large concrete section, such as a basement floor, driveway, or patio."],
|
||
["Sodoku","An East Asian disease very similar to rat-bite fever, caused by Spirillum minus, found in the mouths of rats and transferred to humans by rat bites."],
|
||
["Soffit","The underside of a roof overhang."],
|
||
["Soldier","A worker insect responsible for the defense of its colony."],
|
||
["Solubility","A substance's ability to dissolve into a particular liquid such as water or oil."],
|
||
["Space Treatment","The dispersal of an insecticide into the air for the control of flying insects and exposed crawling insects."],
|
||
["Specific WDO Inspection Report","A report that must be completed in conjunction with any proposal or cost estimate for the prevention or control of WDOs, issued to the person requesting the inspection."],
|
||
["SPI (Structural Pest Inspector)","A professional inspector who identifies or verifies evidence of WDO infestations before pest management activities are implemented."],
|
||
["Spinneret","A tubular structure from which spiders and insect larvae secrete silk threads to form webs or cocoons."],
|
||
["Spiracle","Any of several respiratory openings in the exoskeleton of an insect or spider."],
|
||
["Spirochetes","Parasitic or free-living bacteria that are often pathogenic to humans and other animals."],
|
||
["Sterilant","A substance used to kill all organisms in a given area."],
|
||
["Stud","One of a series of slender wood or metal structural supporting units used in walls and partitions."],
|
||
["Subterranean","Situated underground."],
|
||
["Subflooring","Boards or plywood laid on joists, as a base for the finish or underlayment."],
|
||
["Substructure","The supporting portion of a building, mainly the foundation."],
|
||
["Surety Bond","A bond in which an individual pledges to assume responsibility for carrying out an obligation of another person in the event of a default."],
|
||
["Symbiotic","Pertaining to a close association between two or more organisms of different species that may or may not benefit each participant."],
|
||
["Systemic","A chemical that is absorbed and translocated within a plant or animal."],
|
||
["Thermal-Fog Generator","A generator that divides oil-based solutions of insecticides into fine droplets by exposure to hot exhaust gases, condensing into a fog upon release."],
|
||
["Thoracic Dorsum","The back or top (dorsal) side of the thorax of an insect."],
|
||
["Thorax","The body region of an insect behind the head that bears the legs and wings."],
|
||
["Tolerance","A regulation that establishes the maximum amount of pesticide residue that may legally remain in or on a raw agricultural commodity at harvest or slaughter."],
|
||
["Tolerant","The property of organisms, including pests, to withstand a certain degree of stress, such as pest attack, poor weather, or pesticides."],
|
||
["Toxicant","A chemical substance that can produce harmful effects in an organism."],
|
||
["Toxicity","The degree that a chemical substance has a harmful effect on a certain organism."],
|
||
["Toxin","A substance that is harmful to an organism."],
|
||
["Trachea (pl. tracheae)","One of the internal respiratory tubes of insects and their relatives."],
|
||
["Tracking Powder","Toxic dusts placed in burrows along runways of rodents, which pick up the dust on their feet and fur and ingest it while grooming."],
|
||
["Translocation","The movement of materials within a plant or animal from the site of entry. A systemic pesticide is translocated."],
|
||
["Tremors","Involuntary trembling or quivering."],
|
||
["Trench Fever","An acute infectious disease characterized by chills and fever, caused by Rickettsia quintana and transmitted by the louse Pediculus humanus."],
|
||
["Trichinosis","A disease caused by the roundworm Trichinella spiralis, resulting from eating pork infected with its larvae and cysts. The organism invades the intestines and the muscles."],
|
||
["Tumbler","A nickname for a mosquito in the pupal stage of development."],
|
||
["Typhus","An acute infectious disease characterized by high fever, skin eruption, and severe headache, spread by lice, ticks, and fleas infected with Rickettsia prowazekii."],
|
||
["Ulcer","An open sore on the skin accompanied with disintegrated tissue."],
|
||
["Ultrasound","An imaging technique using high-frequency sound waves."],
|
||
["ULV (Ultra-Low Volume)","Spray formulations applied at 0.5 gallon or less per acre, or sprays applied as the undiluted formulation."],
|
||
["Urticating Hairs","Hairs on bodies of some insects and spiders that whip out and sting or irritate intruders."],
|
||
["Vapor Barrier","A plastic sheet usually made of 4–6 mil (.004\") visqueen laid on the soil of a crawl space to reduce moisture."],
|
||
["Venom","A toxic secretion in animals that is actively delivered to the target organism."],
|
||
["Ventilation","The circulation of air through a nearly-enclosed structure."],
|
||
["Vertebrate","An animal that has a backbone or notochord."],
|
||
["Volatilization","The changing of a substance from solid or liquid to a gas."],
|
||
["WDO (Wood Destroying Organism)","Insects or fungi that consume, excavate, develop in, or otherwise modify the integrity of wood or wood products. WDOs include carpenter ants, moisture ants, subterranean and dampwood termites, beetles in the Anobiidae family, and wood decay fungi (wood rot)."],
|
||
["West Nile Virus","A mosquito-vectored encephalitis virus prevalent in birds, but transmissible one-way to other animals, including humans."],
|
||
["Wiggler","A nickname for a mosquito larva."],
|
||
["Worker","A sterile individual within an insect colony usually responsible for nest building, brood care, and food acquisition."],
|
||
["WSDA","Washington State Department of Agriculture — implements and enforces state laws protecting food supplies, lands, industry, and people from plant and animal pests and diseases; ensures safe and legal use and disposal of pesticides and fertilizers; and facilitates the movement of agricultural products."]
|
||
];
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* ================= INTERACTIVE KEYS ================= */
|
||
const KEYS={
|
||
antterm:{title:"Ant or Termite?",sub:"The first fork in every structural call.",start:"n1",
|
||
nodes:{n1:{q:"Look at the antennae under a hand lens.",o:[["Straight and bead-like","n2"],["Distinctly elbowed","n3"]]},
|
||
n2:{q:"Now the waist, where thorax meets abdomen.",o:[["Broadly joined — no waist","r_term"],["Narrow, pinched petiole","n3"]]},
|
||
n3:{q:"If winged forms are present, compare the two wing pairs.",o:[["Forewing much larger than hindwing","r_ant"],["Both pairs equal in size","r_term"],["No winged forms available","r_ant"]]}},
|
||
res:{r_term:{n:"TERMITE",art:"dampwood",x:"Straight bead-like antennae, abdomen broadly joined to the thorax, wing pairs of equal length. Now separate dampwood from subterranean — run the termite key."},
|
||
r_ant:{n:"ANT",art:"carpAnt",x:"Elbowed antennae, a narrow petiole with an upright node, forewings considerably larger than hind wings. Now run the worker ant key — it only works on workers, never males or queens."}}},
|
||
|
||
antkey:{title:"Key to Pest Ants of Washington",sub:"Worker ants only. Many characters need a 20× hand lens.",start:"p1",
|
||
nodes:{
|
||
p1:{q:"How many segments make up the petiole (the waist between thorax and abdomen)?",o:[["One segment","p2"],["Two segments","m1"]]},
|
||
p2:{q:"Examine the anal orifice at the tip of the abdomen.",o:[["Terminal, circular, surrounded by a fringe of hairs — FORMICINAE","f1"],["Ventral, transverse, slit-shaped, no fringe — DOLICHODERINAE","d1"]]},
|
||
m1:{q:"MYRMICINAE. Judge size and colour.",o:[["Larger, 6–8 mm, reddish or reddish-brown","r_harv"],["Small, 2–3 mm, light brown to blackish","m2"]]},
|
||
m2:{q:"Look at the epinotum (the rear of the thorax).",o:[["Armed — a pair of spines; worker 2.5–3 mm","r_pave"],["Unarmed — no spines; worker ~2 mm","r_phar"]]},
|
||
f1:{q:"View the thoracic dorsum in profile, from the side.",o:[["Evenly convex, no notch","r_carp"],["With a notch or dip","f2"]]},
|
||
f2:{q:"Size and colour of the notched-thorax ant.",o:[["Small, 3–5 mm, light yellow to brown","r_moist"],["Larger, 5–9 mm or more, red and black or all black","r_thatch"]]},
|
||
d1:{q:"Look at the petiole for a vertical projection or node.",o:[["Absent — no node","r_odor"],["Present — a distinct node","d2"]]},
|
||
d2:{q:"Thorax profile and abdominal hairs.",o:[["Evenly rounded dorsally; abdomen densely covered in fine hairs","r_velvet"],["Strong constriction or impression; abdomen not densely haired","r_arg"]]}},
|
||
res:{
|
||
r_harv:{n:"Harvester ant",art:"notchAnt",x:"<i>Pogonomyrmex</i> spp. Monomorphic, with a psammophore — a beard of hairs under the chin. Sandy soils of eastern Washington and the Columbia Basin only. The only WA ant that gives a severe, bee-like sting. Spring swarm. Control is rarely necessary."},
|
||
r_pave:{n:"Pavement ant",art:"notchAnt",x:"<i>Tetramorium caespitum</i>. Two-segmented pedicel plus a spined epinotum. Nests in exposed soil, under rocks, in low masonry foundation walls, under slabs and concrete. Has a stinger but is rarely aggressive. Locate colonies for direct application; baits and foundation barrier treatments work."},
|
||
r_phar:{n:"Pharaoh ant",art:"notchAnt",x:"<i>Monomorium pharaonis</i>. Yellowish to reddish with a darkened abdomen tip, unarmed epinotum. Polygenic — many queens — and daughter colonies split off with no nuptial flights. <strong>Bait only. Spraying fragments the colony and spreads it over an extended area.</strong>"},
|
||
r_carp:{n:"Carpenter ant",art:"carpAnt",x:"<i>Camponotus</i> spp. — a PRIMARY WDO. Evenly convex thoracic dorsum, circular fringed anal orifice, polymorphic workers 6–13 mm. Collect the largest majors for species ID. Find the parent colony — usually a tree, stump or stacked wood within 100 m — and the trails, or you will not get long-term control."},
|
||
r_moist:{n:"Moisture ant",art:"notchAnt",x:"<i>Lasius</i> spp. — a SECONDARY WDO. Monomorphic, yellow to dark brown, notched thoracic dorsum, six-segmented maxillary palpi. Their presence should send you looking for a wood decay problem. Galleries are built from cellulose and debris, and they may build mud tubes like subterranean termites. Frass is dark."},
|
||
r_thatch:{n:"Thatching ant",art:"mound",x:"<i>Formica</i> spp. Polymorphic, 5–9 mm, red and black (some uniformly brown or black), notched thorax. Normally beneficial predators — confirm they are actually a threat first. They bite hard and spray formic acid. Saturate the whole mound and its subterranean portion; recheck in 7–10 days."},
|
||
r_odor:{n:"Odorous house ant",art:"notchAnt",x:"<i>Tapinoma sessile</i>. Petiole with no vertical node. <strong>The most significant nuisance ant in Washington.</strong> Smells of rotten coconut when crushed. Monomorphic, ~1/16 in, many queens, thousands of workers; they dash about with abdomens raised. Remove competing food first, then bait — and find the nest."},
|
||
r_velvet:{n:"Velvety tree ant",art:"carpAnt",x:"<i>Liometopum</i> spp. Glistening abdomen with dense fine hairs, evenly rounded thorax, slit-like anal orifice. 1/8–1/4 in. Nests in wood and will infest foam insulation, mining less than carpenter ants. Crushed workers smell like odorous house ants. Baits, or perimeter sprays to disrupt trails."},
|
||
r_arg:{n:"Argentine ant",art:"notchAnt",x:"<i>Linepithema humile</i>. Single node, monomorphic, thorax with a distinct constriction. Trails follow closely — under 1 cm apart, four or five abreast. Very large polygenic colonies, nesting outside, so perimeter sprays. Arrives and travels in nursery stock and potting material."}}},
|
||
|
||
termkey:{title:"Key to Washington Termites",sub:"Modified from H.G. Scott, 1962 (USDHEW).",start:"t0",
|
||
nodes:{
|
||
t0:{q:"Which caste do you have in hand?",o:[["A winged adult (alate)","w1"],["A soldier","s1"],["A worker only","k1"]]},
|
||
w1:{q:"Examine the wing radius and look for a fontanelle on the head.",o:[["Radius without branches, fontanelle usually present, ~3/8 in including wings","r_sub"],["Radius with branches, fontanelle absent, 1/2 in or more","w2"]]},
|
||
w2:{q:"Are ocelli (simple eyes) present?",o:[["Ocelli absent; the adult is about 1 inch long","r_damp"],["Ocelli present; the adult is about 1/2 inch long","r_dry"]]},
|
||
s1:{q:"Look for a fontanelle and eyes.",o:[["Fontanelle present, eyes usually absent, 1/4 in long","r_sub"],["Fontanelle absent, eyes present, 1/2 in or longer","s2"]]},
|
||
s2:{q:"Count the antennal segments.",o:[["23–31 segments; mature individual about 1/2 in","r_dry"],["10–20 segments; mature individual about 3/4 in","r_damp"]]},
|
||
k1:{q:"There is no adequate key for workers — but relative size of the LARGEST mature workers gives a fair indication.",o:[["About 1/2 inch long","r_damp"],["About 3/8 inch long","r_dry"],["About 3/16 inch long","r_sub"]]}},
|
||
res:{
|
||
r_sub:{n:"Western subterranean termite",art:"subter",x:"<i>Reticulitermes hesperus</i> — a PRIMARY WDO that attacks dry, sound wood and must return to soil for moisture. Look for mud shelter tubes with a scaly or pebbled interior, clumped pellets, and small galleries. Western WA swarms predominantly in fall; eastern WA in spring. Treatment establishes a soil barrier."},
|
||
r_damp:{n:"Pacific dampwood termite",art:"dampwood",x:"<i>Zootermopsis angusticollis</i> — a SECONDARY WDO and the largest termite in Washington. No worker caste; nymphs do the work. Loose, slightly hexagonal 1/32 in pellets. Swarms on warm evenings in late summer or fall, especially after rain. <strong>An active colony under a house is an indication of a moisture problem</strong> — correct the moisture and replace unsound wood."},
|
||
r_dry:{n:"Western drywood termite",art:"dampwood",x:"<i>Incisitermes minor</i> — found only occasionally in Washington, and usually in furniture or wooden items brought from the southwestern United States. Not a normally established structural pest here."}}},
|
||
|
||
roachkey:{title:"Key to Cockroach Egg Cases",sub:"Modified from USDHEW Public Health Service, 1965.",start:"e1",
|
||
nodes:{
|
||
e1:{q:"Measure the ootheca.",o:[["Less than 1/4 inch long, subsegments apparent","e2"],["More than 1/4 inch long, subsegments inapparent","e3"]]},
|
||
e2:{q:"Count the subsegments and check the proportions.",o:[["About 16 subsegments, length more than twice the width","r_ger"],["Fewer subsegments; case not symmetrical","r_bb"]]},
|
||
e3:{q:"Is the case symmetrical?",o:[["Symmetrical — about 8 subsegments, length less than twice width, slightly inflated","r_ori"],["Not symmetrical","r_am"]]}},
|
||
res:{
|
||
r_ger:{n:"German cockroach",art:"german",x:"1/3 in, light tan, and — decisively — <strong>carried protruding from the female's abdomen until about a day before hatch</strong>. The only cockroach here that does so. 30–48 eggs per case, four to eight cases per female, three or four generations a year."},
|
||
r_bb:{n:"Brownbanded cockroach",art:"brownband",x:"Light reddish-brown, 1/4 in, 16 eggs, and glued in <strong>clusters</strong> to furniture, draperies, wall decorations, shelving and ceilings — 10 to 20 per female. Look high and in any room, not just the kitchen."},
|
||
r_ori:{n:"Oriental cockroach",art:"oriental",x:"Dark reddish brown, 1/2 in, slightly inflated, 16 eggs, 8–15 cases per female, deposited in a sheltered location near food. The nymphal stage takes about a year."},
|
||
r_am:{n:"American cockroach",art:"american",x:"Dark brown, about 1/3 in, 16 eggs, produced roughly one per week until 15 to 90 have been made, deposited near a food source on or near the floor. Rare in Washington — usually arrives with produce or with furniture from a warmer climate."}}}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
/* ================= 22 POINTS OF FAULTY CONSTRUCTION ================= */
|
||
const POINTS=[
|
||
[96,196,"Cracks in the foundation permit hidden points of entry from soil to sill."],
|
||
[128,206,"Posts through concrete in contact with substructural soil. Watch door frames and intermediate supporting posts."],
|
||
[160,206,"Wood framing members in contact with earth fill under a concrete slab."],
|
||
[190,212,"Form boards left in place contribute to the termite food supply."],
|
||
[222,206,"Leaking pipes and dripping faucets sustain soil moisture. Excess irrigation has the same effect."],
|
||
[252,186,"Shrubbery blocking air flow through vents."],
|
||
[282,208,"Debris supports a termite colony until the population is large enough to attack the superstructure."],
|
||
[312,196,"A heating unit accelerates termite development by keeping the colony warm year-round."],
|
||
[86,166,"Foundation wall too low, permitting wood to contact soil. Adding topsoil often builds exterior grade up to sill level."],
|
||
[64,186,"Footing too low, or soil thrown against it, causes wood-soil contact. There should be 8 inches of clean concrete between soil and pier block."],
|
||
[72,132,"Stucco carried down over the concrete foundation permits hidden entrance between stucco and foundation if the bond fails."],
|
||
[110,182,"Insufficient clearance for inspection — which also permits easy construction of termite shelter tubes from soil to wood."],
|
||
[142,186,"Wood framing of the crawl hole, forming wood-soil contact."],
|
||
[172,182,"Mud sill and posts in contact with soil."],
|
||
[206,168,"Wood siding and skirting forming soil contact. There should be a minimum of 3 inches clearance between skirting and soil."],
|
||
[330,182,"Porch steps in contact with soil. Also watch for ladders and other wooden attachments."],
|
||
[340,120,"Downspouts should carry water away from the building."],
|
||
[238,190,"Improper maintenance — soil piled against a pier footing. It also makes careful inspection impossible."],
|
||
[268,166,"A wood girder entering a recess in the foundation wall should have 1 inch of free air space on both sides and the end, and be protected with a moisture-impervious seal."],
|
||
[298,170,"Vents placed between joists tunnel air through the space without providing good substructure aeration. Vents placed in the foundation wall give better air circulation."],
|
||
[356,176,"Porch slabs with gradients sloping toward the home pool water next to wood."],
|
||
[40,160,"Stacking firewood next to wooden siding creates a humid microhabitat ideal for termite invasion."]
|
||
];
|
||
|
||
const HOUSE_SVG=`<svg viewBox="0 0 400 250" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
|
||
<rect x="0" y="192" width="400" height="58" fill="currentColor" opacity=".07"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M0 192h400"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M30 96 200 20l170 76"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M30 96 200 20l170 76z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st" d="M62 104v88h276v-88"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-fl" d="M62 104h276v88H62z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M62 150h276M62 158h276"/>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th" opacity=".7"><path d="M92 158v34M132 158v34M172 158v34M212 158v34M252 158v34M292 158v34M322 158v34"/></g>
|
||
<rect x="96" y="116" width="34" height="26" class="a-st a-th"/><path class="a-st a-th" d="M113 116v26M96 129h34"/>
|
||
<rect x="180" y="116" width="34" height="26" class="a-st a-th"/><path class="a-st a-th" d="M197 116v26M180 129h34"/>
|
||
<rect x="262" y="112" width="26" height="38" class="a-st a-th"/>
|
||
<rect x="300" y="50" width="18" height="34" class="a-st a-th"/><path class="a-st a-fl" d="M300 50h18v34h-18z"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-acc" d="M338 96v82"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M338 178h326 M330 192h58v-14h-58z"/>
|
||
<rect x="330" y="178" width="58" height="14" class="a-st a-th"/>
|
||
<path class="a-st a-th" d="M338 178l-4-6"/>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th" opacity=".8"><path d="M20 176q6-16 20-16t20 16z"/><path d="M24 176h32"/></g>
|
||
<g class="a-st a-th" opacity=".7"><path d="M244 192q4-16 12-18t12 18"/></g>
|
||
<rect x="150" y="162" width="16" height="10" class="a-st a-th"/>
|
||
<rect x="286" y="162" width="16" height="10" class="a-st a-th"/>
|
||
<text x="72" y="116" class="a-lb">SIDING</text>
|
||
<text x="200" y="146" class="a-lb" text-anchor="middle">FLOOR JOISTS / SILL</text>
|
||
<text x="200" y="186" class="a-lb" text-anchor="middle">CRAWL SPACE</text>
|
||
<text x="342" y="204" class="a-lb">PORCH SLAB</text>
|
||
${POINTS.map((p,i)=>`<g class="hot" data-i="${i}" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-label="Point ${i+1}"><circle cx="${p[0]}" cy="${p[1]}" r="10"/><text x="${p[0]}" y="${p[1]+3}" text-anchor="middle">${i+1}</text></g>`).join('')}
|
||
</svg>`;
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* ================= FLASHCARDS ================= */
|
||
const FLASH=[
|
||
[1,"Three characteristics that separate insects from close relatives?","<strong>Three body regions</strong> (head, thorax, abdomen); <strong>three pairs of legs</strong> on the thorax and one pair of antennae; and one or two pairs of wings on many adults."],
|
||
[1,"Define an instar.","The period between molts. A 3rd instar nymph is the stage between the molted 2nd instar and the next molt."],
|
||
[1,"Which insects have NO metamorphosis?","<strong>Springtails, silverfish and firebrats</strong> — ametabolous. They only increase in size from egg to adult."],
|
||
[1,"Name the six pest groups with simple metamorphosis.","<strong>Cockroaches, earwigs, termites, lice, true bugs and aphids.</strong>"],
|
||
[1,"How do millipedes and centipedes differ?","Millipedes: rounded in section, <strong>two pairs of legs per segment</strong>, slow, eat decaying plants. Centipedes: flattened, <strong>one pair per segment</strong>, fast, beneficial predators with poison jaws."],
|
||
[1,"Hard tick vs. soft tick?","<strong>Hard (ixodid)</strong> — dorsal plate on the front of the back, mouthparts visible from above, stays on the host days. <strong>Soft (argasid)</strong> — no plate, mouthparts not visible from above, feeds at night and hides by day."],
|
||
[2,"IPM decides four things. Which?","<strong>IF</strong> treatments are necessary, <strong>WHERE</strong> they should occur, <strong>WHEN</strong> they take place, and <strong>WHICH</strong> treatments to use."],
|
||
[2,"Injury level vs. action level.","<strong>Injury level</strong> — the damage or numbers that cause unacceptable injury. <strong>Action level</strong> — the damage or numbers that require management to prevent reaching the injury level."],
|
||
[2,"Three forms injury takes.","<strong>Economic</strong> (carpet beetles in an oriental rug), <strong>medical</strong> (yellowjackets on a school playground), <strong>aesthetic</strong> (mud dauber nests on a wall)."],
|
||
[2,"How large may a spot treatment be?","No larger than <strong>2 square feet</strong>, where insects are likely to occur, and not in contact with food, utensils or humans."],
|
||
[2,"Strokes for a fan pattern in a 1-gal sprayer?","<strong>40 psi ≈ 20–25 strokes.</strong> A pinstream / crack-and-crevice application needs 5–20 psi, about 5–15 strokes."],
|
||
[2,"How do you clean a clogged nozzle?","A <strong>stiff bristle brush</strong>. Never a metal object — it damages the orifice — and never blow it out with your mouth."],
|
||
[2,"ULV droplet size and effect.","<strong>1–15 microns</strong>, with distribution depending on 1–3 µm droplets. Effective against flying insects, good flushing for cockroaches, floats in still air for hours."],
|
||
[2,"Why can a thermal fog explode?","Too high a fog concentration plus a spark or pilot light. <strong>Shut off pilot lights at the main gas valve</strong> and do not switch electrics while fog is in the air."],
|
||
[3,"Termite vs. ant — three characters.","Termite: <strong>straight bead-like antennae, broadly joined waist, wing pairs of equal size</strong>. Ant: elbowed antennae, narrow petiole, forewings much larger."],
|
||
[3,"Which WA termite is a primary WDO?","The <strong>western subterranean termite</strong> <i>Reticulitermes hesperus</i> — it attacks dry sound wood. The Pacific dampwood termite is a secondary WDO."],
|
||
[3,"Dampwood soldier length and antennal segments?","About <strong>3/4 inch</strong>, with <strong>10–20 antennal segments</strong>. The subterranean soldier is ~1/4 inch."],
|
||
[3,"Dampwood vs. subterranean fecal pellets.","Dampwood: ~1/32 in, slightly <strong>hexagonal, loosely scattered</strong>. Subterranean: <strong>clumped</strong> in galleries or built into tubes — the scaly or pebbled tube interior."],
|
||
[3,"When do subterranean termites swarm in Washington?","<strong>Western WA: predominantly fall. Eastern WA: predominantly spring.</strong> They may swarm at any time depending on weather."],
|
||
[3,"Why does the dampwood termite have no worker caste?","The colony is queen, king and soldiers — the <strong>nymphs of soldiers and reproductives perform the worker function</strong>."],
|
||
[3,"How much clean concrete between soil and pier block?","<strong>8 inches.</strong>"],
|
||
[3,"Minimum clearance between skirting and soil?","<strong>3 inches.</strong>"],
|
||
[4,"What is missing from a satellite carpenter ant colony?","<strong>Eggs and a functioning queen.</strong> Larvae, pupae, workers and winged reproductives can all be present."],
|
||
[4,"How do you tell a carpenter ant from a thatching or moisture ant?","Side profile of the <strong>thoracic dorsum</strong>: evenly convex in <i>Camponotus</i>; notched or dipped in <i>Formica</i> and <i>Lasius</i>. Works on workers only, not reproductives."],
|
||
[4,"How long after treatment should carpenter ant activity cease?","<strong>Six weeks.</strong>"],
|
||
[4,"Which two ants are polygenic — many queens?","<strong>Pharaoh ant</strong> and <strong>Argentine ant</strong> (and odorous house ant colonies usually contain many queens too)."],
|
||
[4,"Why must pharaoh ants be baited, not sprayed?","Spraying <strong>fragments the colony</strong>; with many queens, the population simply spreads over a wider area."],
|
||
[4,"What is a psammophore, and who has one?","Rows of hairs under the mandibles — a \"beard\" used as a digging aid — on the <strong>harvester ant</strong>, <i>Pogonomyrmex</i>."],
|
||
[4,"Which is the most significant nuisance ant in Washington?","The <strong>odorous house ant</strong>, <i>Tapinoma sessile</i> — smells of rotten coconut when crushed."],
|
||
[4,"Carpenter ant vs. moisture ant frass.","Carpenter: sawdust, often with <strong>insect parts and dead ants</strong>. Moisture: <strong>dark coloured</strong>, in and around water leaks where decay occurs."],
|
||
[5,"Anobiid frass vs. lyctid frass.","Anobiid: <strong>granular, gritty, pellet-like</strong>. Lyctid: <strong>powdery, like face powder</strong>."],
|
||
[5,"What moisture content do western deathwatch beetles need?","<strong>13–18%</strong> — crawl spaces, basements and pole barns. They cannot survive in dry wood, which is why they are secondary WDOs."],
|
||
[5,"Which woods do lyctids attack?","<strong>Hardwoods</strong> — oak, ash — for their starch, and bamboo. Never Douglas-fir or hemlock."],
|
||
[5,"How do you prove a beetle infestation is active?","<strong>Remove the frass from selected areas and re-inspect several months later</strong> for new frass being expelled from emergence holes."],
|
||
[5,"When should borates be applied against anobiids?","<strong>Before May</strong>, for greatest effect on eggs and newly hatched larvae. Existing larvae may take several years to ingest a lethal dose."],
|
||
[5,"Anobiid emergence hole size?","Circular, <strong>1/16 to 1/8 inch (1.5–3 mm)</strong> — reportable evidence under WAC 16-228-2015."],
|
||
[5,"What do you tell a homeowner alarmed by golden buprestid exit holes?","Damage is likely minimal and <strong>spraying is of little value</strong>. Plug the holes and refinish. The wood was infested before manufacture; the beetles do not reinfest."],
|
||
[5,"Four requirements for wood decay.","<strong>Adequate moisture, ambient temperature, oxygen, and a food source.</strong>"],
|
||
[5,"At what moisture content will wood decay — and not decay?","Decay generally needs free water in the cells, above <strong>30% MC</strong>. Below <strong>20%</strong> wood will not decay. Buildings equilibrate to 7–13%."],
|
||
[5,"Brown rot vs. white rot.","<strong>Brown rot</strong> uses only cellulose and hemicellulose, weakens wood at very early stages, common on softwoods, leaves a brown crumbly mass with cross-breaks. <strong>White rot</strong> uses all components up to 97% of weight, prevalent on hardwoods, bleached appearance, strength loss tracks weight loss."],
|
||
[5,"How do you probe for decay?","Push a small screwdriver or flat awl 1–3 mm in and bend the tip until the wood breaks. <strong>Sound wood breaks fibrously; decayed wood is brash and fractures at the probe.</strong>"],
|
||
[5,"What is a shipworm?","A <strong>wood-boring clam</strong> (teredo) that attacks logs and lumber in salt water and dies once the wood leaves the water. No treatment needed."],
|
||
[5,"Are there structure-infesting carpenter bees in the Northwest?","<strong>No.</strong> Orchard mason bees nest in existing holes — often old golden buprestid exit holes — and do no structural damage."],
|
||
[6,"Which cockroach carries her egg case until the day before hatch?","The <strong>German cockroach</strong> — the only one in our area that does. Nymphs emerge 1–2 days after it is dropped."],
|
||
[6,"German cockroach eggs per case and cases per female?","<strong>30–48 eggs</strong> per case, <strong>four to eight cases</strong> per female, three or four generations a year."],
|
||
[6,"Which cockroach has stubby or absent wings?","The <strong>oriental cockroach</strong>. The female is 1¼ in and broad; the male's wings cover two-thirds of the abdomen. Neither flies."],
|
||
[6,"Which cockroach hides high, in any room?","The <strong>brownbanded cockroach</strong> — near ceilings, behind wall decorations and loose wallpaper, in closets, inside upholstered furniture and appliances such as radios."],
|
||
[6,"How do you tell brownbanded from German?","The brownbanded <strong>lacks the two dark lengthwise stripes</strong> on the shield behind the head, and carries two transverse pale bands."],
|
||
[6,"What is the key to long-term cockroach control?","<strong>Environmental manipulation</strong> — deprive them of harborage and of food and water. Failure to locate and properly treat harborage is a major cause of control failure."],
|
||
[6,"At what concentration is pyrethrin only a flushing agent?","<strong>0.5% or less</strong> — many roaches recover completely. 2–3% flushes and kills."],
|
||
[6,"Do cockroach traps control an infestation?","<strong>No.</strong> They determine severity, detect increases and monitor control — there is no evidence trapping alone provides significant control."],
|
||
[7,"Most frequent bran bug in western Washington?","The <strong>drugstore beetle</strong>. In eastern Washington it is the sawtoothed grain beetle."],
|
||
[7,"Drugstore vs. cigarette beetle.","Drugstore beetle has <strong>grooved</strong> forewings; the cigarette beetle's are <strong>smooth</strong> and its food range is even wider."],
|
||
[7,"Granary weevil vs. rice weevil.","Rice weevil has <strong>four pale spots</strong> on the wing covers, functional flight wings, round pronotal punctures, and is smaller. The granary weevil has no functional wings and attacks whole intact grain."],
|
||
[7,"What conditions favour grain mites?","<strong>High humidity and 65–75°F.</strong> They survive near freezing and are more prevalent in colder months. Prolonged contact causes grocer's itch."],
|
||
[7,"Temperature and time to kill all stored-food insects.","<strong>120–130°F for 2–3 hours</strong>; much faster at 180°F. Cold: 40°F for 2–3 days, or 2–3 weeks in a deep freeze for resistant forms."],
|
||
[7,"Which clothes moth is more common in Washington?","The <strong>casemaking clothes moth</strong>, <i>Tinea pellionella</i> — smaller, darker, three dark spots on the wings, larva carries a silken case."],
|
||
[7,"What protein do fabric pests digest?","<strong>Keratin</strong> — animal hair, hides and feathers. They survive best on <em>soiled</em> protein, e.g. wool stained with body oils."],
|
||
[7,"Which fabric is vulnerable to silverfish when starched?","<strong>Cotton</strong> — otherwise resistant to moths and some other insects."],
|
||
[8,"Which stage of the cluster fly overwinters, and where?","The <strong>adult</strong>, in attics and wall voids. Its maggot is a parasite of earthworms."],
|
||
[8,"How do you distinguish phorid from vinegar flies?","Phorid flies are <strong>humpbacked with black eyes</strong>; vinegar flies often have <strong>red eyes</strong>. Phorids are also not attracted to UV light traps."],
|
||
[8,"How do you control drain flies?","<strong>Remove the organic film</strong> with a hard bristle brush and an enzymatic cleaner. Boiling water helps; <strong>never pour insecticide down a drain</strong>."],
|
||
[8,"Why aren't insecticides recommended for Asian lady beetles?","The carcasses left in wall voids <strong>attract carpet beetles</strong>, which are then extremely difficult to eliminate. Seal entry points and vacuum instead."],
|
||
[8,"Why do residual chemicals control root weevils poorly indoors?","They are <strong>not feeding and their metabolism is low</strong>. Exclude them instead — tight-fitting baseboards, window frames and entry points."],
|
||
[8,"How wide should the bare strip be for clover mites?","<strong>18–20 inches</strong> of bare ground between lawn and foundation."],
|
||
[9,"What overwinters in a yellowjacket colony?","Only <strong>inseminated new queens</strong> — under bark, in stumps, in hollow logs, or in attics. Nests are never reused."],
|
||
[9,"Peak yellowjacket colony size?","Up to <strong>4,000 workers</strong> in a nest of <strong>10,000–12,000 cells</strong>, reached in August/September."],
|
||
[9,"Yellowjacket nest vs. paper wasp nest.","Yellowjacket nests — aerial or subterranean — are <strong>enclosed in an envelope with a single entrance</strong>. Paper wasp nests are smaller and <strong>not enclosed</strong>."],
|
||
[9,"Why is the Africanized bee dangerous?","Not repeated stinging or stronger venom — those claims are false. It releases a particularly <strong>efficient alarm pheromone</strong>, so many more bees attack and pursue further."],
|
||
[9,"Describe the black widow bite.","A nerve toxin. Pinprick then burning; pain moves along the limb and localises in the abdomen and back; <strong>abdominal muscles become rigid and board-like</strong> with severe cramps. Seldom fatal."],
|
||
[9,"Is the brown recluse found in Washington?","<strong>No.</strong> Its range is the southeastern U.S.; only two imported specimens have ever been identified here. Hobo spider bites are frequently misdiagnosed as recluse bites."],
|
||
[9,"What name should no longer be used for the hobo spider?","\"<strong>Aggressive House Spider</strong>\" — the name is not accurate."],
|
||
[9,"Flea control and rodent control — which comes first?","<strong>Fleas first</strong>, so the fleas do not shift to human hosts when the rodents are removed."],
|
||
[9,"How often should a client vacuum during a flea program?","<strong>Every third day for two weeks</strong>, all areas including rugs, upholstery and crevices — and dispose of the bag each time."],
|
||
[9,"Should the PMP treat the customer's pet?","<strong>Never.</strong> Leave treatment of live animals to the veterinarian."],
|
||
[9,"How long can lice survive off the host?","Head and body lice up to <strong>10 days</strong>; crab lice up to <strong>24 hours</strong>."],
|
||
[9,"How do you remove an attached tick?","Grasp with tweezers and pull <strong>slowly and steadily</strong> until the head is free. Do not crush it or break off the mouthparts — mouthparts left in the skin cause infection. Apply antiseptic and wash your hands."],
|
||
[9,"What is delusory parasitosis, and what do you do?","A mistaken belief of being infested. Determine there is no real pest problem, then tactfully direct the person to a mental health expert. <strong>Treating the home is doomed to fail — imagined bugs are resistant to pesticides.</strong>"],
|
||
[10,"Two things a bed bug injects when it feeds.","An <strong>anesthetic</strong> so the bite is not felt, and an <strong>anticoagulant</strong> so blood does not clot."],
|
||
[10,"How far do bed bugs live from where people sleep?","<strong>5 to 20 feet</strong> — though they can travel over 100 feet in one night."],
|
||
[10,"How long do bed bugs survive without a blood meal?","<strong>Three to four months or more</strong> — but they must feed between each molt."],
|
||
[10,"What temperatures matter in bed bug work?","Wash stained items at <strong>140°F</strong>; launder at <strong>120°F minimum</strong>; dry on highest for 20+ minutes; whole-room heaters reach <strong>135°F</strong>."],
|
||
[10,"Which treatment kills bed bug eggs?","<strong>Steam</strong> — it kills all life stages including eggs, which are protected from most pesticides. Only where the steam reaches. Steam before vacuuming."],
|
||
[10,"Why are total release foggers not advised for bed bugs?","They <strong>do not penetrate the cracks and crevices</strong> where bed bugs hide, and may drive them into adjacent housing units."],
|
||
[10,"How do you confirm a suspected bed bug dropping?","Rub it with alcohol or a baby wipe — <strong>if it dissolves into a reddish-brown colour</strong> it is bed bug fecal material. Keep inspecting until you find a live bug."],
|
||
[11,"Norway rat vs. roof rat — three characters.","Norway: <strong>blunt muzzle, small ear that won't reach the eye, tail shorter than head+body</strong>, burrows. Roof: pointed muzzle, large ear that covers the eye, tail at least as long as the body, climbs."],
|
||
[11,"What gaps exclude mice and rats?","<strong>1/4 inch or less</strong> for mice — which also excludes rats. A rat gets through <strong>1/2 inch</strong>."],
|
||
[11,"How should a snap trap be set?","<strong>Perpendicular to the wall with the trigger next to the wall.</strong> A double set increases success. Secure rat traps so wounded animals cannot drag them away."],
|
||
[11,"Do trap odors matter?","<strong>No.</strong> Human and dead-rodent odors on traps are not known to reduce trapping success. Clean dirty traps in hot detergent with a stiff brush."],
|
||
[11,"Which is the only true acute rodenticide registered in Washington?","<strong>Zinc phosphide.</strong> It can cause bait shyness — preferably use it no more than once a year in a baiting program."],
|
||
[11,"Antidote for anticoagulant rodenticides?","<strong>Vitamin K</strong>, given intravenously. With second-generation actives, delayed action may mean multiple doses are needed. There is <strong>no antidote</strong> for cholecalciferol or bromethalin."],
|
||
[11,"Which rodenticide has a stop-feed mechanism?","<strong>Bromethalin</strong> — poisoned rodents stop feeding once they have obtained a lethal dose."],
|
||
[11,"What must appear on a bait box?","The company's or applicator's <strong>name, physical address and telephone number</strong>, plus the product's <strong>name, EPA registration number and active ingredient</strong>. Outdoor aboveground bait must be in a locked, secured box (WAC 16-228-1380)."],
|
||
[11,"Molehill vs. gopher mound.","<strong>Molehill = a volcano</strong>, plug pushed up through the centre. <strong>Gopher mound = a mine dump</strong>, loose dirt pushed out to one side. The gopher's main burrow is 12–18 inches from the plug."],
|
||
[11,"What is the only consistently effective mole control?","<strong>Trapping</strong> — and Washington's 2002 initiative bans body-gripping traps for it, except common mouse and rat traps. Commercial bait has shown efficacy with proper placement."],
|
||
[11,"How do you find an active mole run?","<strong>Cover all the mounds, return after 24 hours, and treat only the ones that were rebuilt.</strong>"],
|
||
[11,"Which four birds are NOT protected in Washington?","<strong>Domestic pigeons, house sparrows, starlings and the Eurasian collared-dove</strong> — all excluded from the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Crows and woodpeckers are protected."],
|
||
[11,"What certification do you need to kill a bird in Washington?","<strong>Wildlife Control Operator</strong> certification — a test, a submitted certification, and a permit — for lethal trapping, shooting or avicides."],
|
||
[11,"When and how do you bat-proof a building?","<strong>In fall</strong>, after young can fly and before cold weather. Block holes <strong>after dark</strong> when bats have left, leave the main exit open, plug it on the night of the final count, then unplug the following evening for stragglers before sealing."],
|
||
[11,"Which chemical is registered for indoor bat roosts?","<strong>Naphthalene</strong> crystals or flakes — the only EPA-registered one. Bats return when the odor dissipates. <strong>No fumigant is federally registered for bat control.</strong>"],
|
||
[11,"What animal carries hantavirus in Washington?","The <strong>deer mouse</strong>, <i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i> — Sin Nombre hantavirus, in urine, saliva and feces, contracted by breathing contaminated dust."],
|
||
[11,"What is the primary rabies carrier in Washington?","<strong>Bats.</strong> Raccoons, skunks and foxes can also be infected; rodents and rabbits rarely carry it."],
|
||
[12,"When is a COMPLETE WDO inspection required?","On the <strong>transfer, exchange or refinancing</strong> of real property, or as the result of a <strong>telephone solicitation</strong>. It requires a WSDA Inspection Control Number."],
|
||
[12,"When is a SPECIFIC WDO inspection required?","In conjunction with <strong>any proposal or estimate</strong> for prevention or control of WDOs — even if you don't win the job. No ICN required."],
|
||
[12,"Name the six WDOs under Washington law.","<strong>Carpenter ants, moisture ants, subterranean termites, dampwood termites, beetles in the family Anobiidae, and wood decay fungi (wood rot).</strong>"],
|
||
[12,"How long must reports be kept?","<strong>Complete: four years. Specific: one year.</strong> Available to WSDA on request."],
|
||
[12,"Where does the ICN go?","<strong>Prominently in the upper third of the front page</strong> of the complete WDO inspection report — unique to that structure, following the original and any supplemental reports for that transaction."],
|
||
[12,"What clearance makes a substructure inaccessible?","Less than <strong>18 inches</strong> between unimproved ground and wood joists, or less than <strong>12 inches</strong> to wood girders. Exterior wood decks with less than <strong>five feet</strong> clearance are also inaccessible."],
|
||
[12,"Is a moisture barrier a conducive condition?","<strong>No — it is a remedy.</strong> Bare or unimproved ground in a substructure is the conducive condition it corrects."],
|
||
[13,"How do you judge the value of your own work?","Ask whether <strong>you would be willing to pay for the service you have just performed</strong>. If not, re-evaluate the job you are doing."],
|
||
[13,"What do you do when an accident happens on a job?","Show sympathy and express concern — but <strong>do not accept blame</strong>; determining fault is not your responsibility. Report it to the office by phone immediately and write a detailed report the same day."]
|
||
];
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* ================= ENGINE ================= */
|
||
const $=(s,r=document)=>r.querySelector(s), $$=(s,r=document)=>[...r.querySelectorAll(s)];
|
||
const esc=s=>String(s).replace(/&(?![a-z#]+;)/g,'&').replace(/</g,'<');
|
||
const VIEWS=[["home","Suite"],["field","Field Guide"],["keys","Keys"],["house","22 Points"],["cards","Flashcards"],["exam","Exam"],["gloss","Glossary"],["wa","WA Cert"],["waprep","WA Prep"]];
|
||
|
||
/* ---- tabs ---- */
|
||
const tabsEl=$('#tabs');
|
||
tabsEl.innerHTML=VIEWS.map(([id,label],i)=>`<button role="tab" data-v="${id}" aria-selected="${i===0}">${label}</button>`).join('');
|
||
function go(v){
|
||
$$('#tabs button').forEach(b=>b.setAttribute('aria-selected', b.dataset.v===v));
|
||
$$('.view').forEach(s=>s.classList.toggle('on', s.id==='v-'+v));
|
||
scrollTo({top:0,behavior:'instant'});
|
||
}
|
||
tabsEl.addEventListener('click',e=>{const b=e.target.closest('button'); if(b) go(b.dataset.v);});
|
||
|
||
/* ---- HOME ---- */
|
||
const nPlates=CH.reduce((a,c)=>a+c.plates.length,0);
|
||
$('#v-home').innerHTML=`
|
||
<section class="hero">
|
||
<div class="hero-grid">
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">WSU Extension EM019 · Revised April 2021</div>
|
||
<h1><span class="lo">Washington pesticide applicator</span>Evergreen<br><em>Applicator</em></h1>
|
||
<p class="lede">Every chapter of the <strong>Study Manual for Pest Management Professionals</strong>, rebuilt as a specimen cabinet you can open at midnight: illustrated plates, branching identification keys, a house you can pick apart point by point, ${FLASH.length} flashcards, and the manual's own ${EXAM.length}-question practice exam with the official answer key.</p>
|
||
<div class="cta-row">
|
||
<button class="btn" data-goto="field">Open the field guide →</button>
|
||
<button class="btn ghost" data-goto="exam">Sit the practice exam</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="drawer">
|
||
<span class="rail"></span>
|
||
<div class="drawer-grid">
|
||
<div class="spec">${ART.carpAnt}<b>Camponotus</b></div>
|
||
<div class="spec">${ART.subter}<b>Reticulitermes</b></div>
|
||
<div class="spec">${ART.german}<b>Blattella</b></div>
|
||
<div class="spec">${ART.bedbug}<b>Cimex</b></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="statline">
|
||
<div><b>13</b><span>Chapters</span></div>
|
||
<div><b>${nPlates}</b><span>Illustrated plates</span></div>
|
||
<div><b>${EXAM.length}</b><span>Exam questions</span></div>
|
||
<div><b>${FLASH.length}</b><span>Flashcards</span></div>
|
||
<div><b>${GLOSS.length}</b><span>Glossary terms</span></div>
|
||
<div><b>4</b><span>Branching keys</span></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class="section">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">What is in here</div>
|
||
<h2>Six ways into the same manual</h2>
|
||
<p class="lede">Pick the one that matches how you are studying today.</p>
|
||
<div class="cards">
|
||
${[["field","Field Guide","All thirteen chapters as illustrated plates — biology, identification, damage, and control, with the exam-critical facts pulled into fact rails and callouts."],
|
||
["keys","Interactive Keys","Walk the manual's own dichotomous keys one couplet at a time: ant or termite, the eight pest ant genera, the termite castes, and the cockroach egg cases."],
|
||
["house","The 22 Points","Figure 3-13 made clickable — twenty-two points of faulty home construction and maintenance that may lead to a termite infestation."],
|
||
["cards","Flashcards","Three-dimensional flip cards drawn straight from the chapters, filterable by chapter and shufflable."],
|
||
["exam","Practice Exam","The complete study-question set from pages 120–131, scored, with the official answer key from pages 132–134 plus an explanation for every item."],
|
||
["gloss","Glossary","All ${GLOSS.length} defined terms from pages 135–141, searchable as you type."]
|
||
].map(([id,t,d],i)=>`<button class="card" data-goto="${id}"><span class="num">0${i+1}</span><h3>${t}</h3><p>${d}</p></button>`).join('')}
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class="section">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">Contents</div>
|
||
<h2>The thirteen chapters</h2>
|
||
<div class="cards">
|
||
${CH.map(c=>`<button class="card" data-chap="${c.n}"><span class="num">CH ${String(c.n).padStart(2,'0')}</span><h3>${c.title}</h3><p>${c.blurb}</p><div style="margin-top:12px">${c.who==="General"?'<span class="tag wdo2">PCO GENERAL</span>':'<span class="tag n">PCO STRUCTURAL + GENERAL</span>'}</div></button>`).join('')}
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class="section">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">Before you go any further</div>
|
||
<h2>Five things the exam keeps asking</h2>
|
||
<div class="cards">
|
||
${[["Metamorphosis","Termites, cockroaches and grasshoppers are <strong>simple</strong>: egg → nymph → adult. Beetles, flies, fleas, moths and <strong>ants</strong> are complex: egg → larva → pupa → adult."],
|
||
["Primary vs. secondary WDO","<strong>Primary</strong> attack sound dry wood: carpenter ants, subterranean termites, lyctids, bostrichids. <strong>Secondary</strong> need damp or decayed wood: moisture ants, dampwood termites, anobiids, decay fungi."],
|
||
["Moisture is the tell","Dampwood termites, moisture ants, anobiids and wood rot all mean <strong>find the water first</strong>. Chemistry alone will not fix any of them."],
|
||
["Two ant profiles","Thoracic dorsum <strong>evenly convex</strong> = carpenter ant. <strong>Notched or dipped</strong> = moisture ant or thatching ant. Workers only."],
|
||
["Trigger to the wall","Snap traps go <strong>perpendicular to the wall with the trigger next to it</strong>. Rodents run walls by touch, not sight."]
|
||
].map((d,i)=>`<div class="card"><span class="num">${String(i+1).padStart(2,'0')}</span><h3>${d[0]}</h3><p>${d[1]}</p></div>`).join('')}
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>`;
|
||
|
||
document.addEventListener('click',e=>{
|
||
const g=e.target.closest('[data-goto]'); if(g){go(g.dataset.goto); return;}
|
||
const c=e.target.closest('[data-chap]'); if(c){go('field'); showChap(+c.dataset.chap);}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
/* ---- FIELD GUIDE ---- */
|
||
$('#v-field').innerHTML=`
|
||
<div class="section" style="margin-top:40px">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">Field guide</div>
|
||
<h2 id="chTitle"></h2>
|
||
<p class="lede" id="chBlurb"></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="chapbar" id="chapbar">${CH.map(c=>`<button data-c="${c.n}"><span class="n">${String(c.n).padStart(2,'0')}</span>${c.short}</button>`).join('')}</div>
|
||
<div id="chBody"></div>`;
|
||
|
||
function tbl(t){return `<div class="tbl-wrap"><table class="tbl"><thead><tr>${t.head.map(h=>`<th>${h}</th>`).join('')}</tr></thead><tbody>${t.rows.map(r=>`<tr>${r.map(d=>`<td>${d}</td>`).join('')}</tr>`).join('')}</tbody></table></div>`;}
|
||
function plateHTML(p){
|
||
return `<article class="plate">
|
||
<figure class="plate-art">${plateImg(p.art)}<figcaption>${p.cap||''}</figcaption></figure>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<h3>${p.h}</h3>
|
||
${p.sci?`<span class="binom">${p.sci}</span>`:''}
|
||
${p.tags?`<div>${p.tags.map(t=>`<span class="tag ${t[0]}">${t[1]}</span>`).join('')}</div>`:''}
|
||
${(p.body||[]).map(b=>`<p>${b}</p>`).join('')}
|
||
${p.table?tbl(p.table):''}
|
||
${p.facts?`<ul class="facts">${p.facts.map(f=>`<li><b>${f[0]}</b><span>${f[1]}</span></li>`).join('')}</ul>`:''}
|
||
${p.table2?tbl(p.table2):''}
|
||
${(p.calls||[]).map(c=>`<div class="callout ${c.t}"><b>${c.h}</b>${c.x}</div>`).join('')}
|
||
</div>
|
||
</article>`;
|
||
}
|
||
function showChap(n){
|
||
const c=CH.find(x=>x.n===n)||CH[0];
|
||
$('#chTitle').innerHTML=`Chapter ${c.n} · ${c.title}`;
|
||
$('#chBlurb').innerHTML=c.blurb;
|
||
$('#chBody').innerHTML=c.plates.map(plateHTML).join('');
|
||
$$('#chapbar button').forEach(b=>b.setAttribute('aria-current', +b.dataset.c===c.n));
|
||
}
|
||
$('#chapbar').addEventListener('click',e=>{const b=e.target.closest('button'); if(b) showChap(+b.dataset.c);});
|
||
showChap(1);
|
||
|
||
/* ---- KEYS ---- */
|
||
$('#v-keys').innerHTML=`
|
||
<div class="section" style="margin-top:40px">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">Identification</div>
|
||
<h2>Walk the key, one couplet at a time</h2>
|
||
<p class="lede">These are the manual's own dichotomous keys. Answer what you can actually see through the lens — colour is almost never diagnostic.</p>
|
||
<div class="cards" id="keyPick">${Object.entries(KEYS).map(([id,k])=>`<button class="card" data-k="${id}"><h3>${k.title}</h3><p>${k.sub}</p></button>`).join('')}</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="keyStage" style="margin-top:28px"></div>`;
|
||
|
||
let curKey=null, trail=[];
|
||
function renderKey(nodeId){
|
||
const K=KEYS[curKey], st=$('#keyStage');
|
||
const r=K.res[nodeId];
|
||
const crumbs=`<div class="trail"><i>${K.title}</i>${trail.map(t=>`<i>${t}</i>`).join('')}</div>`;
|
||
if(r){
|
||
st.innerHTML=`<div class="key">${crumbs}<div class="result">${plateImg(r.art)}<h3>${r.n}</h3></div><p style="color:var(--text-dim)">${r.x}</p><div class="cta-row"><button class="btn ghost" data-restart="1">Start this key again</button></div></div>`;
|
||
}else{
|
||
const n=K.nodes[nodeId];
|
||
st.innerHTML=`<div class="key">${crumbs}<div class="step">Couplet ${trail.length+1}</div><div class="prompt">${n.q}</div><div class="couplet">${n.o.map((o,i)=>`<button data-go="${o[1]}" data-lab="${esc(o[0]).slice(0,26)}">${o[0]}</button>`).join('')}</div>${trail.length?'<div class="cta-row"><button class="btn ghost" data-restart="1">Start over</button></div>':''}</div>`;
|
||
}
|
||
st.scrollIntoView({block:'nearest',behavior:'smooth'});
|
||
}
|
||
$('#v-keys').addEventListener('click',e=>{
|
||
const p=e.target.closest('[data-k]');
|
||
if(p){curKey=p.dataset.k; trail=[]; renderKey(KEYS[curKey].start); return;}
|
||
if(e.target.closest('[data-restart]')){trail=[]; renderKey(KEYS[curKey].start); return;}
|
||
const b=e.target.closest('[data-go]');
|
||
if(b){trail.push(b.dataset.lab); renderKey(b.dataset.go);}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
/* ---- 22 POINTS ---- */
|
||
$('#v-house').innerHTML=`
|
||
<div class="section" style="margin-top:40px">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">Fig. 3-13 · Modified from California Experiment Station Circular 469</div>
|
||
<h2>Twenty-two points of faulty home construction or maintenance that may lead to a termite infestation</h2>
|
||
<p class="lede">Click any marker. Every one of these is either a conducive condition under WAC 16-228-2025 or the thing that creates one.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="house-wrap" style="margin-top:24px">
|
||
<div class="house-svg">${HOUSE_SVG}</div>
|
||
<aside class="house-note" id="hnote"><div class="num">·</div><p style="color:var(--text-dim);margin:8px 0 0">Select a numbered point on the diagram to read it. Use Tab and Enter to move through them from the keyboard.</p></aside>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="section">
|
||
<h2 style="font-size:1.5rem">All twenty-two, in order</h2>
|
||
<ul class="facts" style="margin-top:18px">${POINTS.map((p,i)=>`<li><b>Point ${i+1}</b><span>${p[2]}</span></li>`).join('')}</ul>
|
||
</div>`;
|
||
$('#v-house').addEventListener('click',e=>{const h=e.target.closest('.hot'); if(h) pickPoint(h);});
|
||
$('#v-house').addEventListener('keydown',e=>{if(e.key==='Enter'||e.key===' '){const h=e.target.closest('.hot'); if(h){e.preventDefault(); pickPoint(h);}}});
|
||
function pickPoint(h){
|
||
$$('#v-house .hot').forEach(x=>x.classList.remove('on'));
|
||
h.classList.add('on');
|
||
const i=+h.dataset.i;
|
||
$('#hnote').innerHTML=`<div class="num">${i+1}</div><p style="margin:10px 0 0">${POINTS[i][2]}</p>`;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* ---- FLASHCARDS ---- */
|
||
let deck=[], di=0;
|
||
$('#v-cards').innerHTML=`
|
||
<div class="section" style="margin-top:40px">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">Recall</div>
|
||
<h2>Flashcards</h2>
|
||
<p class="lede">Tap the card to flip it. Arrow keys move through the deck; the space bar flips.</p>
|
||
<div class="chapbar" id="deckbar" style="margin-top:18px">
|
||
<button data-d="all" aria-current="true">All chapters</button>
|
||
${CH.map(c=>`<button data-d="${c.n}"><span class="n">${String(c.n).padStart(2,'0')}</span>${c.short}</button>`).join('')}
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="fc-stage"><div class="fc" id="fc" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-label="Flashcard — activate to flip">
|
||
<div class="fc-face front"><div class="k" id="fck"></div><div class="q" id="fcq"></div></div>
|
||
<div class="fc-face back"><div class="k">Answer</div><div class="a" id="fca"></div></div>
|
||
</div></div>
|
||
<div class="fc-nav">
|
||
<button class="btn ghost" id="prevC">← Prev</button>
|
||
<span class="fc-hint" id="fcpos"></span>
|
||
<button class="btn ghost" id="nextC">Next →</button>
|
||
<button class="btn ghost" id="shufC">Shuffle</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="fc-hint">Click the card to flip</div>`;
|
||
|
||
function setDeck(f){
|
||
deck = f==='all' ? FLASH.slice() : FLASH.filter(c=>c[0]===+f);
|
||
di=0; drawCard();
|
||
}
|
||
function drawCard(){
|
||
const c=deck[di]; if(!c) return;
|
||
$('#fc').classList.remove('flip');
|
||
$('#fck').textContent='Chapter '+c[0]+' · '+(CH.find(x=>x.n===c[0])||{short:''}).short;
|
||
$('#fcq').innerHTML=c[1];
|
||
$('#fca').innerHTML=c[2];
|
||
$('#fcpos').textContent=(di+1)+' / '+deck.length;
|
||
}
|
||
$('#deckbar').addEventListener('click',e=>{const b=e.target.closest('button'); if(!b)return;
|
||
$$('#deckbar button').forEach(x=>x.setAttribute('aria-current', x===b)); setDeck(b.dataset.d);});
|
||
$('#fc').addEventListener('click',()=>$('#fc').classList.toggle('flip'));
|
||
$('#prevC').onclick=()=>{di=(di-1+deck.length)%deck.length; drawCard();};
|
||
$('#nextC').onclick=()=>{di=(di+1)%deck.length; drawCard();};
|
||
$('#shufC').onclick=()=>{for(let i=deck.length-1;i>0;i--){const j=Math.floor(Math.random()*(i+1));[deck[i],deck[j]]=[deck[j],deck[i]];} di=0; drawCard();};
|
||
addEventListener('keydown',e=>{
|
||
if(!$('#v-cards').classList.contains('on')) return;
|
||
if(e.target.matches('input,textarea')) return;
|
||
if(e.key==='ArrowRight'){e.preventDefault();$('#nextC').click();}
|
||
if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'){e.preventDefault();$('#prevC').click();}
|
||
if(e.key===' '||e.key==='Enter'){e.preventDefault();$('#fc').classList.toggle('flip');}
|
||
});
|
||
setDeck('all');
|
||
|
||
/* ---- EXAM ---- */
|
||
let answered={}, right=0;
|
||
$('#v-exam').innerHTML=`
|
||
<div class="section" style="margin-top:40px">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">EM019 pp. 120–134 · Study Questions and the official answer key</div>
|
||
<h2>Practice exam</h2>
|
||
<p class="lede">${EXAM.length} questions, grouped by chapter exactly as the manual prints them. Choose an answer and the key — plus an explanation — appears immediately.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="scorebar">
|
||
<span>Score</span><b id="sc">0</b><span>of ${EXAM.length}</span>
|
||
<div class="meter"><i id="mtr"></i></div>
|
||
<span id="pct">—</span>
|
||
<button class="btn ghost" id="resetEx" style="padding:8px 16px">Reset</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="exBody"></div>`;
|
||
|
||
function drawExam(){
|
||
let out='', last=null;
|
||
EXAM.forEach((q,i)=>{
|
||
if(q.c!==last){last=q.c; const ch=CH.find(x=>x.n===q.c);
|
||
out+=`<h3 style="margin:34px 0 14px;font-size:1.25rem">Chapter ${q.c} · ${ch?ch.title:''}</h3>`;}
|
||
const a=answered[i];
|
||
out+=`<div class="q"><div class="qn">Question ${i+1}</div><div class="qt">${q.q}</div>
|
||
${q.o.map((o,j)=>{
|
||
let cls=''; if(a!==undefined){ if(j===q.a) cls='right'; else if(j===a) cls='wrong'; }
|
||
return `<button class="opt ${cls}" data-q="${i}" data-o="${j}" ${a!==undefined?'disabled':''}><span class="l">${'abc'[j]})</span><span>${o}</span></button>`;
|
||
}).join('')}
|
||
${a!==undefined?`<div class="why"><strong>${'abc'[q.a]})</strong> ${q.o[q.a]} — ${q.w}</div>`:''}</div>`;
|
||
});
|
||
$('#exBody').innerHTML=out;
|
||
const done=Object.keys(answered).length;
|
||
$('#sc').textContent=right;
|
||
$('#mtr').style.width=(done/EXAM.length*100)+'%';
|
||
$('#pct').textContent=done?Math.round(right/done*100)+'% correct of '+done+' answered':'—';
|
||
}
|
||
$('#exBody').addEventListener('click',e=>{
|
||
const b=e.target.closest('.opt'); if(!b||b.disabled) return;
|
||
const qi=+b.dataset.q, oi=+b.dataset.o;
|
||
if(answered[qi]!==undefined) return;
|
||
answered[qi]=oi; if(oi===EXAM[qi].a) right++;
|
||
const y=window.scrollY; drawExam(); window.scrollTo(0,y);
|
||
});
|
||
$('#resetEx').onclick=()=>{answered={}; right=0; drawExam(); scrollTo({top:0,behavior:'smooth'});};
|
||
drawExam();
|
||
|
||
/* ---- GLOSSARY ---- */
|
||
$('#v-gloss').innerHTML=`
|
||
<div class="section" style="margin-top:40px">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">EM019 pp. 135–141</div>
|
||
<h2>Glossary of terms</h2>
|
||
<p class="lede">Every defined term in the manual. Type to filter — the search looks in both the term and its definition.</p>
|
||
<input class="search" id="gq" type="search" placeholder="Search ${GLOSS.length} terms — try “anticoagulant”, “conducive”, “ootheca”…" aria-label="Search the glossary" style="margin-top:20px">
|
||
<span class="count" id="gcount"></span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="gloss"><dl id="glist"></dl></div>`;
|
||
function drawGloss(q){
|
||
q=(q||'').trim().toLowerCase();
|
||
const hits=GLOSS.filter(([t,d])=>!q||t.toLowerCase().includes(q)||d.toLowerCase().includes(q));
|
||
const hi=s=>q?s.replace(new RegExp('('+q.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\\]\\\\]/g,'\\\\$&')+')','ig'),'<mark>$1</mark>'):s;
|
||
$('#glist').innerHTML=hits.map(([t,d])=>`<div class="item"><dt>${hi(t)}</dt><dd>${hi(d)}</dd></div>`).join('')||'<p style="color:var(--text-dim)">No term matches that.</p>';
|
||
$('#gcount').textContent=hits.length+' of '+GLOSS.length+' terms';
|
||
}
|
||
$('#gq').addEventListener('input',e=>drawGloss(e.target.value));
|
||
drawGloss('');
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- ══════════════ EVERGREEN APPLICATOR — PREMIUM GATE (injected) ══════════════ -->
|
||
<style>
|
||
#pn-paywall{position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:99999;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;
|
||
background:rgba(5,8,16,.86);backdrop-filter:blur(6px);padding:20px;font-family:Karla,system-ui,sans-serif}
|
||
#pn-paywall.on{display:flex}
|
||
.pn-card{max-width:460px;width:100%;background:var(--surface,#141A30);border:1px solid var(--line,#2C3455);
|
||
border-radius:16px;padding:34px 30px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 30px 80px -30px rgba(0,0,0,.9)}
|
||
.pn-card .pn-lock{font-size:44px;line-height:1;margin-bottom:10px}
|
||
.pn-card h2{margin:0 0 10px;font-family:Fraunces,serif;font-size:1.6rem;color:var(--text,#EDE7D6)}
|
||
.pn-card p{margin:0 0 22px;color:var(--text-dim,#A3A99C);font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.5}
|
||
.pn-price{font-size:2rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--brass,#E3A53F);margin-bottom:4px}
|
||
.pn-price small{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--text-faint,#6E7688);font-weight:400}
|
||
#pn-unlock{display:block;width:100%;padding:14px;border:none;border-radius:10px;cursor:pointer;
|
||
background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--brass,#E3A53F),var(--brass-deep,#B87F26));color:#1a1206;
|
||
font-weight:700;font-size:1.02rem;margin-bottom:12px}
|
||
#pn-unlock:hover{filter:brightness(1.06)}
|
||
#pn-close{background:none;border:none;color:var(--text-faint,#6E7688);cursor:pointer;font-size:.85rem;text-decoration:underline}
|
||
.pn-note{margin-top:16px;font-size:.72rem;color:var(--text-faint,#6E7688)}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<div id="pn-paywall" role="dialog" aria-modal="true">
|
||
<div class="pn-card">
|
||
<div class="pn-lock">🔒</div>
|
||
<h2>Unlock the full suite</h2>
|
||
<p>Flashcards & the practice exam are premium. Unlock the complete
|
||
EM019 study set — all 13 chapters, every flashcard, and the scored
|
||
practice exam with the official answer key.</p>
|
||
<div class="pn-price">$5 <small>pay in Bitcoin</small></div>
|
||
<button id="pn-unlock" type="button">Unlock full access →</button>
|
||
<button id="pn-close" type="button">Continue free preview</button>
|
||
<div class="pn-note">Instant unlock after payment. No account needed.</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<script>
|
||
(function(){
|
||
var PREMIUM=['exam','cards'];
|
||
var unlocked=false;
|
||
try{ unlocked = localStorage.getItem('pn_unlocked')==='1'; }catch(e){}
|
||
function paywallEl(){ return document.getElementById('pn-paywall'); }
|
||
function show(){ var p=paywallEl(); if(p) p.classList.add('on'); }
|
||
function hide(){ var p=paywallEl(); if(p) p.classList.remove('on'); }
|
||
function setUnlocked(){ unlocked=true; try{localStorage.setItem('pn_unlocked','1')}catch(e){} hide(); }
|
||
function poll(){
|
||
if(unlocked) return;
|
||
var oid=null; try{ oid=localStorage.getItem('pn_order'); }catch(e){}
|
||
if(!oid) return;
|
||
fetch('/api/status?order='+encodeURIComponent(oid))
|
||
.then(function(r){return r.json()})
|
||
.then(function(j){ if(j&&j.paid){ setUnlocked(); } else { setTimeout(poll,3000); } })
|
||
.catch(function(){ setTimeout(poll,5000); });
|
||
}
|
||
function startUnlock(){
|
||
fetch('/unlock',{method:'POST'})
|
||
.then(function(r){return r.json()})
|
||
.then(function(j){
|
||
if(!j || !j.checkout_url){ return; }
|
||
try{ localStorage.setItem('pn_order', j.order_id); }catch(e){}
|
||
window.open(j.checkout_url,'_blank');
|
||
poll();
|
||
})
|
||
.catch(function(){});
|
||
}
|
||
if(typeof window.go==='function'){
|
||
var orig=window.go;
|
||
window.go=function(v){
|
||
if(PREMIUM.indexOf(v)>=0 && !unlocked){ show(); return; }
|
||
orig(v);
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
document.addEventListener('click',function(e){
|
||
if(e.target.closest('#pn-unlock')){ startUnlock(); }
|
||
else if(e.target.closest('#pn-close')){ hide(); }
|
||
});
|
||
poll();
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div style="text-align:center;padding:26px 14px 30px;font-family:Karla,system-ui,sans-serif;color:var(--text-faint,#6E7688);font-size:.78rem;line-height:1.6">
|
||
Evergreen Applicator — Washington pesticide applicator exam prep · <a href="https://buymeacoffee.com/r26xrthzttg" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="color:var(--verdigris,#54BFA9)">Buy me a coffee</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* ==== REAL PHOTOS + WA FIELD NOTES (injected) ==== */
|
||
const PHOTOS={"blackWidow":"blackWidow.jpg","dampwood":"dampwood.jpg","subter":"subter.jpg","carpAnt":"carpAnt.jpg","notchAnt":"notchAnt.jpg","mound":"mound.jpg","buprestid":"buprestid.jpg","german":"german.jpg","oriental":"oriental.jpg","american":"american.jpg","brownband":"brownband.jpg","drugstore":"drugstore.png","sawtooth":"sawtooth.png","indianmeal":"indianmeal.jpg","carpetLarva":"carpetLarva.jpg","clothesMoth":"clothesMoth.jpg","clusterFly":"clusterFly.jpg","mothFly":"mothFly.jpg","hobo":"hobo.gif","mosquito":"mosquito.jpg","flea":"flea.jpg","tick":"tick.jpg","bedbug":"bedbug.jpg","moleGopher":"moleGopher.jpg","bat":"bat.jpg"};
|
||
const WANOTES={"blackWidow":`Washington's widow is the <em>western</em> black widow (<i>Latrodectus hesperus</i>) — most common east of the Cascades. The red hourglass is on the <strong>underside</strong> of the abdomen, never the top.`,"dampwood":`The <strong>Pacific dampwood termite</strong> is the dominant termite <em>west of the Cascades</em>. It needs moist wood but <strong>no ground contact</strong> — soldiers are large with dark, rectangular heads. Look for it in wet framing and log piles.`,"subter":`The <strong>western subterranean termite</strong> (<i>Reticulitermes hesperus</i>) is WA's main soil-touching termite. Winged swarms fly on warm, humid spring days — a swarm indoors is the classic WA alarm bell.`,"carpAnt":`Carpenter ants are the <strong>#1 wood-destroying pest in Washington</strong>. The PNW species <i>Camponotus modoc</i> has a smooth, evenly-rounded thorax. Piles of coarse sawdust ('frass') under a sill plate are the tell.`,"notchAnt":`Moisture ants (<i>Lasius</i>) are a <strong>Washington sign of decaying wood</strong> — their presence means water is already winning. The notched, uneven thorax (side view) separates them from carpenter ants.`,"mound":`The <strong>western thatching ant</strong> (<i>Formica obscuripes</i>) builds the dome mounds of grass and twigs seen across WA clear-cuts and yards — they bite, don't sting.`,"buprestid":`The <strong>golden buprestid</strong> (<i>Buprestis aurulenta</i>) is a PNW native — its larvae tunnel Douglas fir and can emerge from milled lumber years later.`,"hobo":`The <strong>hobo spider</strong> (<i>Eratigena agrestis</i>) is a Pacific Northwest native and one of the most common house spiders in WA — the old 'hobo bite is necrotic' claim is <strong>disproven</strong>; it's medically harmless.`,"tick":`The <strong>Rocky Mountain wood tick</strong> (<i>Dermacentor andersoni</i>) is the hard tick of Eastern WA rangeland — a vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.`,"bat":`The <strong>little brown bat</strong> (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>) is WA's most common bat — the usual species found roosting in attics and gable vents.`,"moleGopher":`The <strong>Townsend's mole</strong> is the mole of Western WA lawns — raised surface tunnels, not the fan-shaped mounds of a gopher.`,"mosquito":`WA's most bothersome mosquitoes are <i>Culex</i> and <i>Aedes</i> species breeding in standing water — <i>Culex pipiens</i> can vector West Nile in Eastern WA.`,"bedbug":`Bed bugs are a growing WA urban issue — confirm with the <strong>cast skins and fecal spots</strong> at mattress seams, not just bites.`};
|
||
function plateImg(art){
|
||
if(PHOTOS[art]){
|
||
var img='<img class="pp" src="/images/'+PHOTOS[art]+'" alt="'+art+'" loading="lazy">';
|
||
var wa=WANOTES[art]?'<aside class="wa-note"><strong>WA field note</strong> '+WANOTES[art]+'</aside>':'';
|
||
return img+wa;
|
||
}
|
||
return ART[art]||'';
|
||
}
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<style>
|
||
.plate-art img.pp{width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:12px;border:1px solid var(--line,#2C3455);background:var(--surface-2,#1B2239);object-fit:contain}
|
||
.plate-art .wa-note,.key .result .wa-note{margin:12px 0 0;padding:10px 14px;border-left:3px solid var(--verdigris,#54BFA9);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--verdigris,#54BFA9) 9%,transparent);border-radius:8px;font-size:.85rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text,#EDE7D6)}
|
||
.plate-art .wa-note strong,.key .result .wa-note strong{color:var(--verdigris,#54BFA9);display:block;margin-bottom:3px;font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace;font-size:.7rem;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase}
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* ---- WA CERTIFICATION ---- */
|
||
$('#v-wa').innerHTML=`
|
||
<section class="hero" style="padding-top:30px">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">Washington State Department of Agriculture · agr.wa.gov</div>
|
||
<h1><span class="lo">The license itself,</span>Washington<br><em>Certification</em></h1>
|
||
<p class="lede">The WSU EM019 manual teaches you the <strong>pests</strong> — this is the <strong>paperwork</strong> that stands between you and the applicator's license. Everything below is the current WSDA requirement, in one place.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class="section">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">Who runs it</div>
|
||
<h2>Regulatory agency</h2>
|
||
<div class="facts">
|
||
${[["Agency","Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA)"],["Phone","(360) 902-2020"],["Website","agr.wa.gov"],["Address","Olympia, WA 98504"]].map(([k,v])=>`<div class="fact"><span>${k}</span><b>${v}</b></div>`).join('')}
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class="section">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">The exam</div>
|
||
<h2>Format, fees & renewal</h2>
|
||
<div class="facts">
|
||
${[["Questions","50–100 multiple choice"],["Time limit","120 minutes"],["Passing score","70%"],["Book","Closed book"],["Exam fee","$33"],["License fee","$73"],["Renewal fee","$73"],["Renewal period","5 years"],["Continuing education","40 CEUs per 5-year period"]].map(([k,v])=>`<div class="fact"><span>${k}</span><b>${v}</b></div>`).join('')}
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class="section">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">Licensed categories</div>
|
||
<h2>Seven categories — each needs its own exam</h2>
|
||
<div class="cards">
|
||
${["Agricultural","Ornamental & Turf","Structural","Right-of-Way","Aquatic","Forest","Public Health"].map((c,i)=>`<div class="card" style="cursor:default"><span class="num">0${i+1}</span><h3>${c}</h3><p>Separate category-specific exam, in addition to the core exam.</p></div>`).join('')}
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class="section">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">What the core exam tests</div>
|
||
<h2>Ten areas of knowledge</h2>
|
||
<div class="cards">
|
||
${[["Pesticide Safety","Handling, storage, formulations, and core safety principles."],["Label Reading","Signal words, directions for use, and legal requirements."],["Environmental Protection","Buffer zones, drift, groundwater, and endangered species."],["Laws & Regulations","FIFRA, WPS, recordkeeping, and certification requirements."],["Integrated Pest Management","Monitoring, thresholds, biological control, and IPM strategy."],["Toxicology","LD50, exposure routes, symptoms, and first aid."],["Application Equipment","Calibration, nozzles, sprayers, and drift management."],["PPE","Respirators, gloves, coveralls, and decontamination."],["Worker Protection Standard","WPS requirements, REIs, notifications, and employer obligations."],["Calibration & Math","GPA calculations, mixing ratios, and nozzle output."]].map(([t,d],i)=>`<div class="card" style="cursor:default"><span class="num">${String(i+1).padStart(2,'0')}</span><h3>${t}</h3><p>${d}</p></div>`).join('')}
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class="section">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">Study resources</div>
|
||
<h2>Where to go deeper</h2>
|
||
<div class="facts">
|
||
${[["Primary resource","Washington State University Extension — extension.wsu.edu"],["This suite","The EM019 manual, 13 chapters of it, is right here in the Field Guide"],["The drills","Flashcards and the practice exam above are your prep engine"]].map(([k,v])=>`<div class="fact"><span>${k}</span><b>${v}</b></div>`).join('')}
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class="section">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">Check yourself</div>
|
||
<h2>WA certification quick test</h2>
|
||
<p class="lede">Eight questions, straight from the same material — written here, not lifted from anywhere.</p>
|
||
<div class="facts" style="gap:18px">
|
||
${[["Which agency regulates pesticide use in Washington?","The Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA)."],["What federal law governs pesticide use nationwide?","FIFRA — the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act."],["What does the signal word DANGER mean?","Category I — highly toxic."],["How long do you keep RUP application records?","At least 2 years from the application date."],["Most common exposure route for an applicator?","Dermal — through the skin."],["What does the REI do?","Restricts re-entry into a treated area until residues drop to a safe level."],["First thing before mixing any pesticide?","Read the entire label."],["Poison Control number?","1-800-222-1222."]].map(([q,a],i)=>`<div class="fact"><span>Q${i+1}. ${q}</span><b>${a}</b></div>`).join('')}
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
`;
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
/* ==== WA PREP — original question bank + mock exam ==== */
|
||
const WAEXAM = [{"cat": "Core", "q": "Which federal law is the primary authority for pesticide regulation in the United States?", "a": ["Clean Water Act", "FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act)", "OSHA Act", "Endangered Species Act"], "c": 1, "x": "FIFRA governs the registration, sale, and use of pesticides nationwide."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Under FIFRA, a pesticide may be used legally only according to", "a": ["the salesman's advice", "the buyer's preference", "the label directions", "the manufacturer's website"], "c": 2, "x": "The label is the law \u2014 using a pesticide in any way inconsistent with its labeling is a violation."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A pesticide classified as a 'Restricted Use' pesticide can be applied by", "a": ["anyone over 18", "a certified applicator or someone under their direct supervision", "a homeowner", "any employee"], "c": 1, "x": "Restricted-use pesticides require certification because of their potential to harm people or the environment."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Which agency administers Washington's pesticide licensing and enforcement?", "a": ["EPA", "OSHA", "Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA)", "Department of Ecology"], "c": 2, "x": "WSDA is the state lead agency for pesticide regulation in Washington."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Pesticides must be registered before sale by", "a": ["the state only", "EPA and, for Washington, WSDA", "the retailer", "the applicator"], "c": 1, "x": "Registration is a two-level system: EPA registers federally, and WSDA registers for sale in Washington."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A pesticide label is a legal document. Using a pesticide at a rate HIGHER than the label allows is", "a": ["acceptable in hard cases", "a violation of law", "fine if the pest is bad", "allowed for licensed applicators"], "c": 1, "x": "Exceeding the labeled rate is illegal, even for certified applicators."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Who is responsible for ensuring a pesticide is applied according to the label?", "a": ["the manufacturer", "the seller", "the applicator", "the property owner"], "c": 2, "x": "The applicator carries the legal responsibility to follow the label."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Which statement about pesticide storage is correct?", "a": ["Store with food if sealed", "Store in a locked, ventilated, dry area away from food and feed", "Store near wellheads for convenience", "Store in direct sunlight"], "c": 1, "x": "Pesticides must be stored locked, dry, ventilated, and away from food, feed, and water sources."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A pesticide container should be triple-rinsed", "a": ["before disposal", "only if it held liquid", "before refilling", "never"], "c": 0, "x": "Triple-rinse (or equivalent) empty containers before disposal or recycling."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Illegally applying a pesticide can result in", "a": ["no penalty if licensed", "fines and loss of license", "a warning only", "a small fee"], "c": 1, "x": "Violations can bring civil and criminal penalties and suspension or revocation of a license."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The signal word 'DANGER' on a label means the product is", "a": ["moderately toxic", "slightly toxic", "highly toxic (Toxicity Category I)", "non-toxic"], "c": 2, "x": "DANGER = Category I, the highest acute toxicity. It may also carry 'POISON' with a skull and crossbones."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The signal word 'WARNING' indicates the pesticide is", "a": ["highly toxic", "moderately toxic (Category II)", "slightly toxic", "harmless"], "c": 1, "x": "WARNING = Toxicity Category II, moderate acute toxicity."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The signal word 'CAUTION' means the product is", "a": ["highly toxic", "moderately toxic", "slightly toxic (Category III) or relatively non-toxic (IV)", "flammable"], "c": 2, "x": "CAUTION covers Categories III and IV, the least acutely toxic."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The 'Statement of Practical Treatment' on a label tells you", "a": ["how to store the product", "first aid and what to do if exposed", "how to mix it", "the shelf life"], "c": 1, "x": "This section gives first-aid and emergency medical instructions."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "'Directions for Use' on the label include all of the following EXCEPT", "a": ["pests controlled", "application rate", "sites where it may be used", "the retail price"], "c": 3, "x": "Price is never on the label; the label covers pests, rates, sites, timing, and methods."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The common name of a pesticide is", "a": ["the brand name", "a simple, accepted name for the active ingredient", "the EPA registration number", "the distributor's name"], "c": 1, "x": "The common name identifies the active ingredient (e.g., 'bifenthrin'), unlike the brand name."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The active ingredient of a pesticide is", "a": ["the water added at mixing", "the chemical that actually controls the pest", "the carrier", "the emulsifier"], "c": 1, "x": "The active ingredient is the chemical that kills or repels the target pest."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "If part of a label is missing or illegible, you should", "a": ["guess at the missing part", "use the product anyway", "obtain a complete label before use", "ask a coworker"], "c": 2, "x": "Never use a pesticide without a complete, legible label."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Precautionary statements on a label include", "a": ["hazards to humans, environment, and physical/chemical hazards", "the product's cost", "the retailer's return policy", "shipping weight"], "c": 0, "x": "Precautionary statements cover human, environmental, and physical/chemical hazards."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "'Do not apply when wind exceeds X mph' is an example of", "a": ["a marketing statement", "an environmental precaution/drift control statement", "a storage instruction", "a warranty"], "c": 1, "x": "This is a precaution to prevent drift and protect non-target areas."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The most common route of pesticide exposure for applicators is", "a": ["oral (mouth)", "inhalation (lungs)", "dermal (skin)", "ocular (eyes)"], "c": 2, "x": "Dermal exposure \u2014 through the skin \u2014 is the most common route for applicators."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "LD50 is a measure of", "a": ["how fast a pesticide works", "the dose that kills 50% of a test population (acute toxicity)", "the shelf life", "the cost per gallon"], "c": 1, "x": "LD50 (lethal dose 50%) is a standard measure of acute toxicity."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A pesticide with an LD50 of 5 mg/kg is", "a": ["less toxic than one with an LD50 of 500 mg/kg", "more toxic than one with an LD50 of 500 mg/kg", "equally toxic", "non-toxic"], "c": 1, "x": "A SMALLER LD50 number means MORE toxic \u2014 it takes less chemical to be lethal."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The first step to take after any pesticide exposure is", "a": ["wait to see if symptoms develop", "read the label and follow its first-aid directions", "drink a glass of milk", "take a shower"], "c": 1, "x": "The label's first-aid section is the immediate source of correct action."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The Poison Control Center number is", "a": ["911 only", "1-800-222-1222", "411", "1-800-555-1212"], "c": 1, "x": "1-800-222-1222 connects to Poison Control 24/7."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "If pesticide is spilled on skin, you should immediately", "a": ["wipe it off and continue", "wash with plenty of soap and water, and remove contaminated clothing", "apply lotion", "wait until break"], "c": 1, "x": "Wash the area immediately with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Symptoms of pesticide poisoning can include", "a": ["headache, nausea, dizziness, and blurred vision", "increased appetite", "clearer vision", "none of the above"], "c": 0, "x": "Nausea, headache, dizziness, and blurred vision are common poisoning symptoms."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Cholinesterase is an enzyme affected by which class of pesticides?", "a": ["pyrethroids", "organophosphates and carbamates", "insect growth regulators", "botanicals"], "c": 1, "x": "Organophosphates and carbamates inhibit cholinesterase, disrupting nerve function."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "If a pesticide gets in the eyes, flush with", "a": ["rubbing alcohol", "mild water for at least 15 minutes", "soapy water", "a dry cloth"], "c": 1, "x": "Flush eyes gently with clean water for 15 minutes, then seek medical help."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Which is NOT a way to reduce pesticide exposure when mixing?", "a": ["wear PPE", "mix outdoors in a ventilated area", "mix with bare hands", "measure carefully"], "c": 2, "x": "Never handle concentrated pesticide with bare hands; always wear proper PPE."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The single most important PPE for preventing dermal exposure is", "a": ["a hard hat", "chemical-resistant gloves", "earplugs", "steel-toe boots"], "c": 1, "x": "Chemical-resistant gloves protect the hands, the most likely contact point."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Chemical-resistant gloves should be checked for leaks by", "a": ["wearing them only once", "filling them with water and checking for leaks", "stretching them", "sniffing them"], "c": 1, "x": "Test gloves by filling with water (or air) to detect pinholes before use."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Which respirator is correct for most pesticide vapors?", "a": ["a dust mask", "a NIOSH-approved chemical cartridge respirator", "a surgical mask", "no respirator"], "c": 1, "x": "Chemical cartridge respirators with the correct cartridge filter vapors; dust masks don't."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Goggles or a face shield are worn to protect against", "a": ["dermal exposure to the arms", "eye exposure from splashes and dust", "foot injuries", "heat"], "c": 1, "x": "Eye protection guards against splashes and drifting particles."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "PPE should be", "a": ["reused without cleaning", "washed separately from other clothing and inspected before each use", "stored wet", "shared between workers"], "c": 1, "x": "Wash PPE separately, inspect before each use, and store it clean and dry."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "After each use, reusable chemical-resistant gloves should be", "a": ["discarded immediately", "washed, inspected, and dried", "left inside-out", "reused without inspection"], "c": 1, "x": "Clean, inspect for holes, and dry gloves before the next use."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A coverall worn for pesticide handling should be", "a": ["loose and torn", "clean, intact, and worn over regular clothes", "worn only in cold weather", "replaced only when torn"], "c": 1, "x": "Coveralls should be clean and intact, worn over regular clothing."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The type of respirator cartridge you need depends on", "a": ["your preference", "the pesticide being used and its label requirements", "the color of the can", "the price"], "c": 1, "x": "The label specifies the correct respirator and cartridge for the pesticide."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Pesticide drift is most likely when", "a": ["wind is calm", "wind is strong and droplets are small", "it is raining", "at night"], "c": 1, "x": "Small droplets and strong wind increase the chance of off-target drift."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "To reduce drift, an applicator should", "a": ["increase nozzle height", "use larger droplets and lower pressure", "spray upwind of the target", "spray at midday"], "c": 1, "x": "Larger droplets and lower pressure reduce drift."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Pesticide can contaminate groundwater most easily when", "a": ["soil is sandy and the water table is shallow", "soil is heavy clay", "it is frozen", "on slopes"], "c": 0, "x": "Sandy soils and shallow water tables allow pesticides to leach into groundwater."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A buffer zone is", "a": ["a storage area", "an untreated strip between a treated area and a sensitive area (water, habitat)", "a mixing pad", "a parking area"], "c": 1, "x": "Buffer zones protect sensitive areas from drift and runoff."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The Endangered Species Act can restrict pesticide use", "a": ["never", "to protect listed threatened or endangered species in their habitat", "only on farms", "only in winter"], "c": 1, "x": "Restrictions may apply where pesticides could harm federally listed species."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "To protect pollinators, avoid applying insecticides", "a": ["on blooming crops when bees are foraging", "at dawn", "in winter", "after bloom"], "c": 0, "x": "Avoid treating flowering plants when bees are actively foraging."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Pesticide runoff into a stream is most likely from", "a": ["applying to dry pavement", "applying on a slope near water during or before heavy rain", "indoor use", "winter use"], "c": 1, "x": "Applying near water on slopes before rain increases runoff risk."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Empty pesticide containers should be", "a": ["buried", "burned", "triple-rinsed and disposed of according to the label", "thrown in regular trash"], "c": 2, "x": "Triple-rinse and follow label disposal instructions."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A spill of concentrated pesticide should be", "a": ["washed down a drain", "contained, cleaned up, and reported per label and regulation", "left to evaporate", "hosed into soil"], "c": 1, "x": "Contain the spill, clean it up with absorbents, and follow reporting rules."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Never store pesticides", "a": ["in a locked cabinet", "in a dry shed", "near food, feed, seed, or water sources", "in original containers"], "c": 2, "x": "Keep pesticides away from anything that could be contaminated."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "An 'EC' formulation means", "a": ["emulsifiable concentrate", "extra concentrate", "electrical charge", "easy clean"], "c": 0, "x": "EC = emulsifiable concentrate, a liquid that forms an emulsion when mixed with water."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A 'WP' formulation is a", "a": ["wettable powder", "water pill", "white paste", "weak poison"], "c": 0, "x": "WP = wettable powder, a dry powder mixed with water to form a suspension."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A granular (G) formulation is applied", "a": ["as a spray", "dry, without water", "as a fog", "only indoors"], "c": 1, "x": "Granules are dry and applied without mixing with water."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A bait formulation", "a": ["is always sprayed", "mixes the toxicant with an attractant the pest eats", "is only for termites", "is a fumigant"], "c": 1, "x": "Baits combine a toxicant with an attractant the target pest consumes."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "An adjuvant is", "a": ["the active ingredient", "a substance added to improve a pesticide's performance", "the container", "the label"], "c": 1, "x": "Adjuvants (surfactants, spreaders, stickers) enhance pesticide effectiveness."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Which formulation is most likely to clog spray nozzles?", "a": ["emulsifiable concentrate", "wettable powder (if not agitated)", "solution", "bait"], "c": 1, "x": "Wettable powders settle out and can clog nozzles without constant agitation."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A 'solution' formulation is", "a": ["cloudy when mixed", "a true solution that stays dissolved and clear", "always a gas", "a powder"], "c": 1, "x": "Solutions dissolve completely and stay clear; no agitation needed."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Formulations that are 'ready to use' (RTU)", "a": ["require dilution", "are applied directly from the container as-is", "need a license", "are only for indoor use"], "c": 1, "x": "RTU products are pre-mixed and applied directly."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "An aerosol formulation is useful for", "a": ["large fields", "crack and crevice or space treatments", "soil drenching", "tree injection"], "c": 1, "x": "Aerosols deliver a fine mist for cracks, crevices, and small spaces."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The nozzle component that determines droplet size and spray pattern is the", "a": ["tank", "tip/orifice", "hose", "pump"], "c": 1, "x": "The nozzle tip controls flow rate, droplet size, and pattern."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Calibration means", "a": ["washing the sprayer", "adjusting the sprayer to deliver the correct amount of product per area", "painting the tank", "buying a new nozzle"], "c": 1, "x": "Calibration ensures you apply the correct rate per unit area."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The formula for gallons per acre (GPA) from nozzle output is", "a": ["GPA = (5940 \u00d7 GPM per nozzle) \u00f7 (MPH \u00d7 nozzle spacing in inches)", "GPA = MPH \u00d7 nozzles", "GPA = GPM \u00d7 100", "GPA = tank size \u00f7 field size"], "c": 0, "x": "GPA = (5940 \u00d7 GPM) \u00f7 (MPH \u00d7 nozzle spacing in inches) is the standard calibration formula."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Before calibrating, you should", "a": ["guess the output", "check for worn or clogged nozzles and replace as needed", "fill the tank completely", "remove all PPE"], "c": 1, "x": "Worn or clogged nozzles change output and must be corrected before calibration."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Worn nozzles deliver", "a": ["less than rated", "more than rated and uneven patterns", "the same output forever", "no output"], "c": 1, "x": "Worn nozzles over-apply and produce uneven patterns."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Backflow prevention devices protect", "a": ["the spray tank", "the water supply from contamination", "the tires", "the pump"], "c": 1, "x": "Backflow preventers keep pesticides from siphoning back into the water source."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "When mixing pesticides, the correct order generally is", "a": ["add everything at once", "add the pesticide first", "add water first, then pesticides, following label mixing order", "stir dry"], "c": 2, "x": "Add water first (partial fill), then pesticides per label mixing order, then top off."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A backpack sprayer is best suited for", "a": ["large fields", "small, targeted applications and spot treatments", "aerial application", "whole orchards"], "c": 1, "x": "Backpack sprayers are for small, precise applications."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Sprayer pressure should be", "a": ["as high as possible", "set to the label and nozzle manufacturer's recommended range", "always maximum", "ignored"], "c": 1, "x": "Use the recommended pressure for the nozzle and product."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "After spraying, the sprayer should be", "a": ["left full", "rinsed (triple-rinsed) and decontaminated", "stored dirty", "drained into a gutter"], "c": 1, "x": "Rinse and decontaminate the sprayer after each use to prevent cross-contamination."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "IPM stands for", "a": ["International Pest Management", "Integrated Pest Management", "Insect Prevention Method", "Industrial Pesticide Mix"], "c": 1, "x": "IPM = Integrated Pest Management."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The first step in IPM is", "a": ["spraying immediately", "correctly identifying the pest and monitoring its population", "fumigation", "calling the EPA"], "c": 1, "x": "Proper pest identification and monitoring are the foundation of IPM."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "An 'action threshold' is", "a": ["the maximum label rate", "the pest population level at which control should begin", "the legal limit", "the tank size"], "c": 1, "x": "The action threshold is the pest level at which you must act to prevent damage."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Which is a biological control method?", "a": ["herbicide", "releasing natural enemies (predators/parasites)", "a fogger", "soil fumigation"], "c": 1, "x": "Biological control uses natural enemies of the pest."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A cultural control method is", "a": ["changing the environment (sanitation, crop rotation, moisture management) to make it less favorable for pests", "applying a chemical", "using traps only", "none"], "c": 0, "x": "Cultural controls modify the environment to suppress pests."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A mechanical control method is", "a": ["a bait", "a trap or physical barrier", "a systemic pesticide", "a growth regulator"], "c": 1, "x": "Mechanical controls physically remove or exclude pests (traps, barriers, screens)."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Using pesticides as part of IPM should be", "a": ["the first option always", "only when needed, as one tool among several", "never done", "the only option"], "c": 1, "x": "In IPM, pesticides are used judiciously, only when other methods are insufficient."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Regular monitoring helps an applicator", "a": ["waste pesticide", "detect pests early and decide if/when to treat", "avoid all paperwork", "increase drift"], "c": 1, "x": "Monitoring catches problems early so control is targeted and timely."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Sanitation is an example of which control type?", "a": ["chemical", "cultural", "biological", "regulatory"], "c": 1, "x": "Sanitation (removing food, water, shelter) is a cultural control."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The goal of IPM is to", "a": ["eliminate every insect", "manage pests at acceptable levels with minimal risk and cost", "use the most pesticide", "avoid all chemicals at any cost"], "c": 1, "x": "IPM manages pests below damaging levels with the least risk and cost."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The Worker Protection Standard (WPS) protects", "a": ["only the applicator", "agricultural workers and pesticide handlers from exposure", "retail employees", "homeowners"], "c": 1, "x": "WPS protects workers and handlers on farms, nurseries, and greenhouses."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "REI stands for", "a": ["Restricted Entry Interval", "Regular Exposure Interval", "Rapid Entry Interval", "Required Equipment Inspection"], "c": 0, "x": "REI = Restricted Entry Interval, the time after application when entry is limited."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "During a REI, workers may", "a": ["enter freely", "enter only with proper PPE and training if allowed", "enter without PPE", "enter to harvest"], "c": 1, "x": "During REI, entry is restricted; only trained workers with required PPE may enter under specific rules."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "An employer must provide WPS-required workers with", "a": ["no information", "pesticide safety training and information about recent applications", "free pesticide", "a phone"], "c": 1, "x": "Workers must receive training and be informed of pesticide applications."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A 'central posting' area at a WPS worksite is where", "a": ["pesticides are stored", "workers can find application information and the safety poster", "equipment is parked", "lunch is eaten"], "c": 1, "x": "Central posting displays the safety poster and recent application records."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Personal protective equipment provided to workers must be", "a": ["shared", "maintained and available as required by the label", "optional", "only for handlers"], "c": 1, "x": "Employers must provide and maintain the PPE the label requires for workers."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The WPS requires employers to keep records of", "a": ["worker names only", "pesticide applications and training", "weather", "sales"], "c": 1, "x": "Application and training records must be kept."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Who must receive WPS pesticide safety training?", "a": ["only the owner", "workers and handlers on agricultural establishments", "only office staff", "no one"], "c": 1, "x": "All workers and handlers covered by WPS must be trained."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Washington commercial applicators must renew their license every", "a": ["year", "5 years", "10 years", "never"], "c": 1, "x": "WA commercial applicator licenses renew every 5 years with continuing education."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The WA continuing education requirement for commercial applicators is", "a": ["40 CEUs per 5-year period", "10 CEUs per year", "no CE", "100 CEUs per year"], "c": 0, "x": "WA requires 40 continuing education units per 5-year renewal period."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The WA pesticide applicator exam passing score is", "a": ["50%", "70%", "90%", "100%"], "c": 1, "x": "A score of 70% is required to pass."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "WA pesticide applicator records of restricted-use pesticide applications must be kept", "a": ["6 months", "at least 2 years", "1 year", "forever"], "c": 1, "x": "WA requires RUP application records be kept at least 2 years."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The WA 'Private Applicator' license is for", "a": ["structural pest control", "applying pesticides on your own or your employer's farm to produce agricultural commodities", "public health", "aquatic weed control"], "c": 1, "x": "Private applicators apply restricted-use pesticides on their own agricultural operation."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "If your sprayer applies 0.4 gallons per minute (GPM) per nozzle, travels at 4 MPH, and nozzles are spaced 20 inches apart, the gallons per acre is", "a": ["5.94 GPA", "29.7 GPA", "2.97 GPA", "59.4 GPA"], "c": 1, "x": "GPA = (5940 \u00d7 0.4) \u00f7 (4 \u00d7 20) = 2376 \u00f7 80 = 29.7 GPA."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "You need to apply 1.5 pints of product per acre. Your sprayer is calibrated at 30 GPA and the tank holds 300 gallons. How many acres does one full tank cover?", "a": ["5 acres", "10 acres", "20 acres", "30 acres"], "c": 1, "x": "300 gallons \u00f7 30 GPA = 10 acres per tank."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "To treat 10 acres at a rate of 1.5 pints/acre, you need to add how much product to the tank?", "a": ["1.5 pints", "10 pints", "15 pints", "150 pints"], "c": 2, "x": "1.5 pints/acre \u00d7 10 acres = 15 pints."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A 2.5-gallon container of a product that is applied at 2 oz per gallon of water will treat how many gallons of spray mix?", "a": ["2.5 gallons", "20 gallons", "40 gallons", "160 gallons"], "c": 3, "x": "2.5 gal = 320 oz. 320 oz \u00f7 2 oz/gal = 160 gallons of mix."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "If you apply 0.5 gallon of concentrate to 50 gallons of water, the spray mix is", "a": ["1:100", "1:50", "1:10", "1:20"], "c": 0, "x": "0.5 gal concentrate in 50 gal water = 1 part in 100."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "'Percent' concentration of a 4% active ingredient product means", "a": ["4 parts active per 100 parts product", "4 oz per gallon", "40% active", "4 parts per 1000"], "c": 0, "x": "4% = 4 parts active ingredient per 100 parts of product."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "If someone swallows a pesticide and is unconscious, you should", "a": ["make them vomit", "give them water", "check breathing, call 911/Poison Control, and follow label directions without inducing vomiting unless instructed", "wait for them to wake"], "c": 2, "x": "Never induce vomiting unless the label says to; call for help and follow the label."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "If a pesticide label says 'do not induce vomiting,' and someone swallowed it, you should", "a": ["induce vomiting anyway", "follow the label and get medical help immediately", "give them milk", "give them salt water"], "c": 1, "x": "Always follow the label's first-aid instructions."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A person showing severe pesticide poisoning symptoms should be", "a": ["sent home", "taken to a doctor or emergency room immediately, with the label", "given coffee", "made to walk it off"], "c": 1, "x": "Severe symptoms require immediate medical attention; bring the label."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Heat stress and pesticide poisoning share symptoms, so", "a": ["ignore both", "monitor the person and seek help; the label and context help distinguish", "assume heat always", "assume poison always"], "c": 1, "x": "Both can cause nausea/dizziness; get the person to safety and seek help."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The 'WPS' and the label may require that pesticide handlers receive", "a": ["no training", "decontamination supplies and safety training", "a raise", "a free lunch"], "c": 1, "x": "Handlers need decontamination supplies and training."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Pesticide storage areas should be", "a": ["well ventilated, locked, and posted with warning signs", "under the sink", "in the garage next to gas", "in a greenhouse"], "c": 0, "x": "Storage must be secure, ventilated, and clearly marked."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Pesticides should never be stored", "a": ["in their original containers", "above food or seed", "in a dry place", "in a locked cabinet"], "c": 1, "x": "Never store pesticides where they could leak onto food, feed, or seed."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "If a pesticide container is damaged or leaking in storage, you should", "a": ["leave it", "place it in a larger container and deal with it per label", "pour it down a drain", "hide it"], "c": 1, "x": "Contain the leak and handle per label and regulation."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The best way to dispose of excess concentrated pesticide is to", "a": ["pour it on the ground", "apply it to a labeled site at a labeled rate, or use a waste handler", "dump in trash", "burn it"], "c": 1, "x": "Use it up at label rates on a labeled site, or send to a licensed waste handler."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Never reuse an empty pesticide container for", "a": ["storing food or water", "triple-rinsing", "recycling", "disposal"], "c": 0, "x": "Empty containers must never hold food, water, or any non-pesticide use."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "When opening a pesticide container, you should", "a": ["stand upwind and wear gloves/eye protection", "stand downwind", "use your teeth", "smell it to check strength"], "c": 0, "x": "Open upwind with PPE to avoid splashes and vapors."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Mixing and loading should be done", "a": ["on a concrete pad away from water sources", "directly over a well", "in the kitchen", "in a stream"], "c": 0, "x": "Use a contained mixing/loading area away from wells and water."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "If you spill concentrate while mixing, you should", "a": ["rinse it away with a hose", "contain it with absorbent material and clean up immediately", "leave it to dry", "cover it with dirt"], "c": 1, "x": "Contain and clean spills immediately with absorbents."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A pesticide's 'compatibility' refers to", "a": ["whether two or more products can be safely mixed together", "its color", "its smell", "its price"], "c": 0, "x": "Compatibility = products that mix without clumping, separation, or damage."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "You should do a 'jar test' when", "a": ["mixing unfamiliar or potentially incompatible products", "every single time", "never", "only with water"], "c": 0, "x": "A jar test checks for compatibility before mixing a full tank."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The order of adding products when mixing should follow", "a": ["any order", "the label's mixing order (e.g., WPs before ECs, adjuvants last)", "largest first", "color order"], "c": 1, "x": "Follow the label's recommended mixing order to avoid incompatibility."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A temperature inversion", "a": ["increases vertical air mixing", "traps spray droplets near the ground, increasing drift risk", "has no effect on spraying", "improves coverage"], "c": 1, "x": "Inversions hold small droplets in a layer near the ground where they can drift."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The best way to avoid drift near a sensitive area is to", "a": ["increase pressure", "use drift-reduction nozzles, larger droplets, and maintain buffers", "spray upwind", "spray at noon"], "c": 1, "x": "Drift-reduction nozzles, larger droplets, and buffers minimize drift."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Leaching of a pesticide into groundwater is greatest when", "a": ["the soil is sandy and rain is heavy soon after application", "soil is clay", "it's frozen", "on flat ground"], "c": 0, "x": "Sandy soil plus heavy rain moves pesticides downward toward groundwater."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Volatilization is", "a": ["the process of a pesticide turning to a gas and moving off-target", "the pesticide dissolving", "the pesticide degrading", "the pesticide clumping"], "c": 0, "x": "Volatilization is evaporation into a gas that can move off-site."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "To protect a nearby stream, leave an untreated", "a": ["buffer strip", "road", "fence", "ditch"], "c": 0, "x": "Untreated buffer strips protect water from runoff and drift."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A 'flowable' (F) formulation is", "a": ["a dry granule", "a finely ground solid suspended in a liquid", "a gas", "a tablet"], "c": 1, "x": "Flowables are fine solids suspended in liquid; shake before use."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A 'microencapsulated' formulation", "a": ["releases active ingredient slowly over time", "dissolves instantly", "is always a gas", "is only for indoor use"], "c": 0, "x": "Microencapsulation controls the release rate and reduces some hazards."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "An 'ultra-low volume' (ULV) application uses", "a": ["very concentrated product with little or no dilution", "a fire hose", "a garden sprinkler", "a backpack of water"], "c": 0, "x": "ULV applies very concentrated product in tiny droplets."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A 'fumigant' is a pesticide that", "a": ["acts as a gas", "is a liquid bait", "is a dust", "is a repellent only"], "c": 0, "x": "Fumigants are gases that penetrate enclosed spaces."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A 'dust' (D) formulation should be applied", "a": ["in windy conditions", "in cracks, voids, and other dry protected areas", "as a drench", "to foliage in rain"], "c": 1, "x": "Dusts are for dry, protected sites; avoid wind."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The pump on a sprayer is responsible for", "a": ["agitating and pressurizing the spray", "filtering the water", "measuring the output", "none"], "c": 0, "x": "The pump pressurizes the spray and often drives agitation."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A sprayer filter (strainer) should be", "a": ["removed to increase flow", "cleaned regularly to prevent clogging", "ignored", "painted"], "c": 1, "x": "Clean filters regularly to maintain flow and prevent clogging."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The three main nozzle spray patterns are", "a": ["fan, cone, and stream", "round, square, and flat", "red, blue, and green", "wet, dry, and fog"], "c": 0, "x": "Nozzles produce fan, hollow/ full cone, or stream patterns."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "You should replace sprayer nozzles when", "a": ["they become worn and output exceeds 10% of the original", "they get dirty", "every season regardless", "never"], "c": 0, "x": "Replace nozzles when output drifts more than ~10% from new."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A boom sprayer is used for", "a": ["large, flat areas like fields and turf", "crack and crevice work", "single trees", "indoor fogging"], "c": 0, "x": "Boom sprayers cover broad, flat areas uniformly."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A 'key pest' is one that", "a": ["is always present", "regularly causes damage and needs routine management", "is rare", "is beneficial"], "c": 1, "x": "Key pests are the ones that commonly threaten the crop or structure."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "An 'occasional pest' requires", "a": ["routine treatment", "control only when it appears and exceeds a threshold", "always a fumigant", "no attention"], "c": 1, "x": "Occasional pests are managed reactively when they appear."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Monitoring with pheromone traps helps", "a": ["attract more pests", "detect pest presence and timing", "kill everything", "pollinate plants"], "c": 1, "x": "Pheromone traps detect and time pest activity."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A 'pest-resistant' crop variety is an example of", "a": ["chemical control", "host plant resistance (cultural/genetic)", "mechanical control", "no control"], "c": 1, "x": "Resistant varieties are a genetic/cultural control."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The best IPM decision is based on", "a": ["the calendar", "scouting data and an action threshold", "gut feeling", "what's on sale"], "c": 1, "x": "Decisions follow monitoring data compared to thresholds."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "WPS requires that pesticide safety information be displayed at", "a": ["a central location on the establishment", "the office only", "nowhere", "the store"], "c": 0, "x": "A central posting area shows safety info and recent applications."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "A pesticide handler is a person who", "a": ["only drives a truck", "mixes, loads, applies, or otherwise handles pesticides", "only answers phones", "only cleans the office"], "c": 1, "x": "Handlers mix, load, apply, clean equipment, or handle pesticides."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Workers must be notified of pesticide applications through", "a": ["word of mouth only", "posting, oral warning, or both as required", "guesswork", "no notification"], "c": 1, "x": "WPS requires posting and/or oral notification of applications."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Decontamination supplies required by WPS include", "a": ["soap, water, and towels", "only water", "only a first-aid kit", "nothing"], "c": 0, "x": "Soap, water, and towels for washing off must be provided."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The minimum age to handle pesticides on a WPS-covered establishment is", "a": ["12", "18", "21", "no minimum"], "c": 1, "x": "Pesticide handlers must be at least 18 (with limited exceptions)."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "Washington requires that a commercial applicator's pesticide application records include", "a": ["the date, site, product, rate, and applicator information", "only the price", "only the weather", "nothing"], "c": 0, "x": "WA records must document date, site, product, rate, and applicator."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "The WSDA is part of which state department?", "a": ["Department of Agriculture", "Department of Ecology", "Department of Health", "Labor & Industries"], "c": 0, "x": "Pesticide regulation is under the Washington State Department of Agriculture."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "In Washington, a 'Commercial Applicator' is someone who", "a": ["applies pesticides for hire or as part of employment for others", "only farms their own land", "only sells pesticides", "only does research"], "c": 0, "x": "Commercial applicators apply pesticides for others as a service."}, {"cat": "Core", "q": "WA pesticide dealers must be", "a": ["licensed", "unlicensed", "certified only", "ignored"], "c": 0, "x": "Pesticide dealers in Washington require a dealer license."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The most common wood-destroying insect in Washington structures is the", "a": ["carpenter ant", "termite", "powderpost beetle", "silverfish"], "c": 0, "x": "Carpenter ants are the #1 wood-destroying pest in WA structures."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "A key difference between carpenter ants and termites is that carpenter ants have", "a": ["straight antennae and equal wings", "elbowed antennae and a narrow (pinched) waist", "no antennae", "four pairs of legs"], "c": 1, "x": "Ants have elbowed antennae and a narrow waist; termites have straight antennae and a broad waist."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Subterranean termites enter structures through", "a": ["open windows", "mud tubes from the soil to wood", "the roof", "crawlspace vents only"], "c": 1, "x": "Subterranean termites build mud tubes to travel from soil to wood."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Dampwood termites require", "a": ["dry wood", "moist wood", "living plants", "paper only"], "c": 1, "x": "Dampwood termites infest wood with high moisture content."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "A 'swarm' of winged termites indoors is a sign of", "a": ["a healthy house", "an active or nearby termite colony", "good ventilation", "nothing"], "c": 1, "x": "Indoor termite swarms indicate an infestation or a colony close by."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Wood damaged by subterranean termites characteristically shows", "a": ["smooth, clean galleries with soil/mud", "round exit holes and fine powder", "large open tunnels", "no damage"], "c": 0, "x": "Subterranean termite galleries are clean and often lined with soil."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Powderpost beetles are recognized by", "a": ["mud tubes", "tiny round exit holes and fine, flour-like frass", "large nests", "webs"], "c": 1, "x": "Powderpost beetles leave small round exit holes and powdery frass."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The first step in a wood-destroying organism (WDO) inspection is", "a": ["applying chemical", "a thorough visual inspection of the structure, looking for signs and conducive conditions", "drilling holes", "fumigating"], "c": 1, "x": "Inspection always comes before treatment."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "A 'conducive condition' for termites is", "a": ["good drainage", "wood-to-soil contact and excess moisture", "full sun", "air conditioning"], "c": 1, "x": "Wood-to-soil contact and moisture create conditions favorable to termites."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The German cockroach is recognized by", "a": ["its large size", "two dark longitudinal stripes behind the head", "a single red stripe", "blue wings"], "c": 1, "x": "German cockroaches have two dark parallel stripes on the pronotum."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Cockroach droppings that resemble coffee grounds or black pepper are typical of", "a": ["the Oriental cockroach", "the American cockroach", "the German cockroach", "the smoky-brown cockroach"], "c": 2, "x": "German cockroach droppings look like coffee grounds or pepper."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The American cockroach is", "a": ["small and tan", "the largest common structural roach, reddish-brown with a yellow figure-8 behind the head", "always winged and flying", "bright green"], "c": 1, "x": "The American cockroach is large and reddish-brown with a yellowish band."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "An 'ootheca' is", "a": ["a termite tube", "a cockroach egg case", "a spider web", "a beetle larva"], "c": 1, "x": "An ootheca is the egg case produced by cockroaches."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The best way to control German cockroaches is", "a": ["a single fogger", "integrated control: sanitation + baits + targeted crack-and-crevice treatment", "only sticky traps", "ignoring them"], "c": 1, "x": "German roach control requires sanitation, baits, and targeted treatments."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Bed bugs hide primarily", "a": ["in kitchens", "in cracks, seams of mattresses, and near sleeping areas", "on the ceiling", "in the garage"], "c": 1, "x": "Bed bugs hide in mattress seams, headboards, and cracks near the bed."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "A sign of a bed bug infestation is", "a": ["only bites", "cast skins, fecal spots, and live bugs at mattress seams", "a foul odor only", "no visible signs"], "c": 1, "x": "Confirm bed bugs with cast skins, fecal spots, and live insects, not just bites."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The house mouse is distinguished from the Norway rat by", "a": ["its large size", "its small size, large ears, and pointed muzzle", "its short tail", "its fur color only"], "c": 1, "x": "The house mouse is small with large ears and a pointed muzzle."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The Norway rat is characterized by", "a": ["a small body and large ears", "a heavy body, blunt muzzle, and a tail shorter than head+body", "a furry tail", "no tail"], "c": 1, "x": "Norway rats are heavy-bodied with blunt muzzles and a shorter tail."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Rodent bait should be placed", "a": ["in the open on the floor", "in tamper-resistant bait stations along runways and near activity", "where children can reach", "on counters"], "c": 1, "x": "Place rodent baits in tamper-resistant stations along active runways."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The hobo spider is", "a": ["medically dangerous", "a common WA house spider whose bite is not necrotic (disproven)", "a webless spider", "an aggressive hunter that chases people"], "c": 1, "x": "The hobo spider is common in WA; its bite is not necrotic."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "A 'wood-infesting' insect NOT covered by a basic WDO inspection is the", "a": ["subterranean termite", "carpenter ant", "carpet beetle", "powderpost beetle"], "c": 2, "x": "Carpet beetles are fabric pests, not wood-destroying organisms."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Before treating for WDOs, the applicator should", "a": ["spray everywhere", "identify the specific organism and correct conducive conditions", "use the strongest chemical", "drill randomly"], "c": 1, "x": "Correct identification and correcting conducive conditions are essential first."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Fumigation is used for", "a": ["routine ant control", "whole-structure treatment of drywood termites or severe infestations", "cockroach baits", "rat control"], "c": 1, "x": "Fumigation treats the entire structure, used for drywood termites and severe cases."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Termite baiting systems work by", "a": ["repelling termites", "placing a slow-acting toxicant that foraging termites carry back to the colony", "killing on contact only", "drying out the wood"], "c": 1, "x": "Baits are carried back to the colony, eventually eliminating it."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The most important moisture-related recommendation in a WDO report is", "a": ["increase watering", "repair leaks and improve drainage to reduce wood moisture", "add a pond", "ignore moisture"], "c": 1, "x": "Reducing moisture is the primary non-chemical WDO recommendation."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The three termite castes are", "a": ["workers, soldiers, and reproductives (king/queen)", "males, females, and larvae", "eggs, nymphs, and adults", "workers, drones, and bees"], "c": 0, "x": "Termite colonies have workers, soldiers, and reproductive castes."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Termite workers are", "a": ["winged and dark", "soft-bodied, pale, and wingless", "the largest caste", "always reproductive"], "c": 1, "x": "Workers are soft-bodied, pale, and wingless \u2014 the ones that damage wood."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Termite soldiers are recognized by", "a": ["their large, dark heads and mandibles for defense", "their wings", "their small size", "their pale color"], "c": 0, "x": "Soldiers have enlarged heads and jaws to defend the colony."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Winged termites (alates) have", "a": ["two pairs of equal-length wings and straight antennae", "elbowed antennae", "a narrow waist", "four pairs of wings"], "c": 0, "x": "Alates have four equal wings and straight, bead-like antennae."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Winged ants differ from winged termites by", "a": ["having front wings longer than hind wings and a narrow waist", "having equal wings", "having straight antennae", "having no waist"], "c": 0, "x": "Ants have unequal wings, a narrow waist, and elbowed antennae."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The Pacific dampwood termite is most common in", "a": ["dry eastern WA", "coastal and western WA where wood stays moist", "arid deserts", "high mountains"], "c": 1, "x": "Dampwood termites thrive in the moist climate west of the Cascades."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The western subterranean termite is found", "a": ["throughout Washington, often near soil contact", "only in deserts", "only in trees", "only indoors"], "c": 0, "x": "Reticulitermes hesperus occurs across WA where wood contacts soil."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "A 'sill plate' is", "a": ["the horizontal framing member that rests on the foundation", "a window", "a door", "a roof shingle"], "c": 0, "x": "The sill plate is the bottom horizontal member on the foundation \u2014 a prime termite entry."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Signs of an active termite infestation include", "a": ["mud tubes, live termites, and damaged wood", "only dust", "only cobwebs", "clean, dry wood"], "c": 0, "x": "Live termites, mud tubes, and galleries indicate active infestation."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "'Frass' from carpenter ants looks like", "a": ["coarse sawdust with bits of dead ants and debris", "fine powder", "mud", "sand"], "c": 0, "x": "Carpenter ant frass is coarse, sawdust-like, and may contain insect parts."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Carpenter ants nest", "a": ["only in the soil", "in wood, often where moisture has softened it", "only in trees", "in concrete"], "c": 1, "x": "Carpenter ants excavate wood, preferring moist, soft wood."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The best long-term carpenter ant control is", "a": ["fogging", "locating and treating the nest and correcting moisture", "only spraying trails", "ignoring them"], "c": 1, "x": "Find and treat the nest, and fix the moisture that attracted them."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "A 'trailing' ant in WA commonly seen indoors along moisture is the", "a": ["odorous house ant", "carpenter ant", "fire ant", "army ant"], "c": 0, "x": "Odorous house ants trail indoors and smell like rotten coconut when crushed."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The pavement ant is recognized by", "a": ["its large size", "parallel furrows on the head and thorax", "its wings", "its red color"], "c": 1, "x": "Pavement ants have fine parallel grooves on the head and thorax."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "A 'pharaoh ant' is a", "a": ["tiny pale ant that is a serious indoor pest and hard to control", "large black ant", "mound-building ant", "winged ant"], "c": 0, "x": "Pharaoh ants are tiny, pale, and notoriously difficult indoor pests."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Rodent 'runways' are", "a": ["the paths rodents travel repeatedly", "the food", "the nest", "the bait station"], "c": 0, "x": "Runways are repeated travel paths where baits and traps work best."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "Signs of rodent activity include", "a": ["droppings, gnaw marks, and rub marks", "only noise", "only smell", "clean floors"], "c": 0, "x": "Droppings, gnawing, and greasy rub marks indicate rodent activity."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The best place to set a snap trap for mice is", "a": ["in the open middle of a room", "along a wall perpendicular to it, where mice travel", "on a counter", "in the ceiling only"], "c": 1, "x": "Set traps against walls along mouse runways."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "A 'tamper-resistant bait station' is required", "a": ["never", "when rodenticides are placed where children, pets, or wildlife could access them", "only outdoors", "only in businesses"], "c": 1, "x": "Tamper-resistant stations protect non-targets from rodenticide."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The primary food of the house mouse is", "a": ["only cheese", "almost anything, but it prefers grains and seeds", "only meat", "only fruit"], "c": 1, "x": "House mice are omnivorous but favor grains and seeds."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "A 'Wood Destroying Organism' (WDO) report documents", "a": ["only termites", "the presence or evidence of wood-destroying insects and conditions", "only rodents", "only mold"], "c": 1, "x": "WDO reports document wood-destroying insects and conducive conditions."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "'Anobiid' beetles are", "a": ["powderpost beetles that infest damp, seasoned wood", "termites", "ants", "flies"], "c": 0, "x": "Anobiid powderpost beetles attack damp, seasoned softwood."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The exit holes of anobiid powderpost beetles are", "a": ["tiny round holes with fine flour-like frass", "large ragged holes", "mud tubes", "none"], "c": 0, "x": "Anobiids leave small round holes and powdery frass."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "A 'lyctid' powderpost beetle infests", "a": ["hardwoods (e.g., oak, ash, hickory)", "softwoods", "living trees", "concrete"], "c": 0, "x": "Lyctids attack the sapwood of hardwoods."}, {"cat": "Structural", "q": "The key to preventing powderpost beetle reinfestation is", "a": ["painting/sealing exposed wood and controlling moisture", "more pesticide", "ignoring them", "covering with dirt"], "c": 0, "x": "Sealing wood and controlling moisture prevent reinfestation."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "'Ornamental & Turf' applicators treat pests on", "a": ["only food crops", "landscape plants, lawns, and turf", "only trees", "only indoor plants"], "c": 1, "x": "This category covers landscape ornamentals and turf."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "The correct way to apply a lawn herbicide is to", "a": ["spot-treat only the weeds or broadcast at the labeled rate", "drench the whole lawn", "apply in the heat of the day", "apply before reading the label"], "c": 0, "x": "Apply at the labeled rate, targeting weeds or broadcasting correctly."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "When treating ornamental plants, you should first", "a": ["identify the pest and confirm the product is labeled for that plant", "spray everything", "use the highest rate", "mix with a hose-end sprayer only"], "c": 0, "x": "Identify the pest and verify the pesticide is labeled for that specific plant."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "A common turf pest in Washington is the", "a": ["crane fly (leatherjacket larva)", "cockroach", "bed bug", "flea"], "c": 0, "x": "European crane fly larvae (leatherjackets) damage PNW lawns."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "Moss in PNW lawns is best managed by", "a": ["only chemical sprays", "improving drainage, reducing shade, and correcting soil pH, with moss control products if needed", "more fertilizer", "mowing shorter"], "c": 1, "x": "Moss thrives in shade, poor drainage, and acid soil \u2014 fix conditions first."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "When applying an insecticide to a flowering ornamental, you should", "a": ["apply at midday", "avoid application when bees are foraging, and follow pollinator-protection language", "apply in rain", "use a fogger"], "c": 1, "x": "Protect pollinators by avoiding treatment during bloom/foraging."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "Phytotoxicity is", "a": ["plant damage caused by a chemical", "insect damage", "fungal disease", "a nutrient deficiency"], "c": 0, "x": "Phytotoxicity is injury to plants caused by a pesticide or other chemical."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "Before applying a pesticide to a large landscape, the applicator should", "a": ["notify neighbors if required and post as needed", "do nothing", "spray at night only", "skip calibration"], "c": 0, "x": "Notification and posting requirements protect people near treated areas."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "A systemic insecticide is", "a": ["applied to the soil or plant and moves through the plant's tissues", "only a contact spray", "a bait", "a fumigant"], "c": 0, "x": "Systemics are absorbed and translocated within the plant."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "The best time to apply a pre-emergent herbicide is", "a": ["after weeds emerge", "before weed seeds germinate", "after flowering", "in winter only"], "c": 1, "x": "Pre-emergents prevent weed seeds from germinating; apply before emergence."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "A post-emergent herbicide targets", "a": ["germinating seeds", "weeds that have already emerged", "roots only", "soil microbes"], "c": 1, "x": "Post-emergents control weeds that have already sprouted."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "Overseeding and proper fertilization in turf is an example of", "a": ["chemical control", "cultural control", "mechanical control", "no control"], "c": 1, "x": "Healthy turf (cultural control) outcompetes weeds and pests."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "When treating for a shrub pest, you should apply", "a": ["only to the affected plant at the labeled rate", "to the entire yard", "without reading the label", "with a fire hose"], "c": 0, "x": "Target the affected plant at the correct labeled rate."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "The first step in diagnosing a turf problem is", "a": ["spraying fungicide", "identifying whether the cause is insect, disease, cultural, or environmental", "applying fertilizer", "aeration"], "c": 1, "x": "Correctly diagnosing the cause avoids unnecessary pesticide use."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "Herbicide drift onto a neighbor's desirable plants can cause", "a": ["no harm", "injury or death to those plants and liability for the applicator", "faster growth", "better color"], "c": 1, "x": "Drift onto non-target plants damages them and can create legal liability."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "A 'broadleaf' weed is controlled with a", "a": ["selective broadleaf herbicide", "grass killer", "fungicide", "insecticide"], "c": 0, "x": "Selective broadleaf herbicides kill dicots (broadleaves) without harming grass."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "A 'grassy' weed in a lawn is controlled with a", "a": ["pre-emergent or selective grass herbicide", "broadleaf herbicide", "insecticide", "fungicide"], "c": 0, "x": "Grassy weeds need grass-specific or pre-emergent products."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "Crabgrass is best controlled with a", "a": ["pre-emergent herbicide applied before germination", "post-emergent after it's large", "fungicide", "insecticide"], "c": 0, "x": "Crabgrass is an annual \u2014 pre-emergents before germination work best."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "A 'dollar spot' on turf is", "a": ["a fungal disease", "an insect", "a weed", "a nutrient burn"], "c": 0, "x": "Dollar spot is a common turf fungal disease showing small bleached spots."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "Fairy rings in turf are caused by", "a": ["fungi", "insects", "overwatering", "dog urine"], "c": 0, "x": "Fairy rings are fungal growths that form circles in turf."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "White grubs (beetle larvae) in turf cause", "a": ["brown patches that lift like loose sod", "green spots", "no damage", "better growth"], "c": 0, "x": "Grubs feed on roots, causing turf to brown and lift easily."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "The best time to treat for white grubs is", "a": ["when they are young and near the surface", "in winter", "after they pupate", "never"], "c": 0, "x": "Treat young grubs while they are active near the surface."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "When spraying a shrub for aphids, you should", "a": ["target the undersides of leaves where aphids feed", "only the trunk", "only the flowers", "the soil only"], "c": 0, "x": "Aphids feed on leaf undersides and tender growth."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "A 'systemic' tree injection is used to", "a": ["deliver insecticide or fungicide directly into the tree's vascular system", "water the tree", "fertilize", "prune"], "c": 0, "x": "Systemic injections move product through the tree's transport system."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "Mulching around trees helps by", "a": ["retaining moisture, reducing weeds, and protecting trunks from mower damage", "starving the tree", "attracting pests", "killing roots"], "c": 0, "x": "Mulch conserves moisture, suppresses weeds, and protects the trunk."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "A 'hardscape' pest like an ant under a patio is best treated with", "a": ["a granular or bait applied to the nesting area", "a foliar spray", "a fogger", "nothing"], "c": 0, "x": "Treat the nest or bait near the activity."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "The primary pollinator to protect in ornamental settings is", "a": ["the honey bee and native bees", "wasps", "ants", "flies"], "c": 0, "x": "Protect bees and other pollinators during bloom."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "A 'reduced-risk' pesticide is one that", "a": ["is less hazardous to human health and the environment", "is always organic", "is always cheaper", "needs no license"], "c": 0, "x": "Reduced-risk products have a more favorable risk profile."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "Leaf spots caused by a fungus should be managed by", "a": ["identifying the pathogen, improving air flow, and using a labeled fungicide if needed", "insecticide", "herbicide", "more watering"], "c": 0, "x": "Diagnose the disease, improve conditions, and use fungicide only if labeled/needed."}, {"cat": "Ornamental & Turf", "q": "The best irrigation practice to reduce turf disease is", "a": ["deep, infrequent watering early in the day", "shallow, frequent night watering", "watering at noon", "no watering"], "c": 0, "x": "Water deeply and early in the day so foliage dries, reducing disease."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A 'Private Applicator' may apply restricted-use pesticides on", "a": ["any property", "their own or employer's farm to produce agricultural commodities", "public parks", "schools"], "c": 1, "x": "Private applicators use RUPs on their own agricultural operation only."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "The purpose of an agricultural pesticide application record is to", "a": ["satisfy legal requirements and track what/where/when was applied", "fill time", "impress neighbors", "none"], "c": 0, "x": "Records are legally required and document application details."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "When spraying a field, calibration should be done", "a": ["once and never again", "before each new crop or when conditions/nozzles change", "only if caught", "every 10 years"], "c": 1, "x": "Recalibrate whenever crop, speed, pressure, or nozzles change."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "Spraying near a sensitive crop or waterway requires", "a": ["no special care", "a buffer zone and drift management", "more pesticide", "higher pressure"], "c": 1, "x": "Use buffers and drift control near sensitive crops and water."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "The pre-harvest interval (PHI) is", "a": ["the time between the last application and harvest", "the time between applications", "the storage time", "the mixing time"], "c": 0, "x": "PHI is the minimum time between the last application and harvest."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "Which is a cultural control in agriculture?", "a": ["crop rotation", "a fungicide spray", "a growth regulator", "a fumigant"], "c": 0, "x": "Crop rotation disrupts pest life cycles \u2014 a cultural control."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A beneficial insect (e.g., lady beetle) should be", "a": ["preserved by using selective pesticides and scouting", "always killed", "ignored", "sprayed with broad-spectrum products"], "c": 0, "x": "Preserve beneficials by scouting and using selective products."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "Applying a pesticide when wind exceeds the label limit can cause", "a": ["better coverage", "off-target drift and violation", "faster drying", "deeper penetration"], "c": 1, "x": "Exceeding wind limits causes drift and is a label violation."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "The best time to spray for many pests is", "a": ["midday heat", "early morning or evening when wind is low and temperatures are moderate", "during rain", "at high wind"], "c": 1, "x": "Early morning/evening reduces drift and improves efficacy."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A 'nozzle' that produces a fine mist is more likely to", "a": ["drift", "penetrate deep", "be coarse", "clog less"], "c": 0, "x": "Fine droplets drift more easily."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "Integrated Pest Management on a farm relies most on", "a": ["calendar spraying", "scouting, thresholds, and multiple tactics", "only chemicals", "guessing"], "c": 1, "x": "IPM uses scouting and thresholds to guide targeted, multi-tactic control."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A pesticide resistance problem is reduced by", "a": ["using the same product every time", "rotating pesticides with different modes of action", "increasing the dose", "mixing incompatible products"], "c": 1, "x": "Rotating modes of action slows resistance development."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "Rinsing spray equipment in a field is a problem because it", "a": ["is efficient", "can create a point source of contamination", "saves water", "is required"], "c": 1, "x": "Rinsing in the field concentrates pesticide in one spot, risking contamination."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "The 'pre-harvest interval' (PHI) is measured from", "a": ["the last application to harvest", "planting to harvest", "first application to last", "spray to rain"], "c": 0, "x": "PHI is the minimum days between the last application and harvest."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A 'restricted entry interval' (REI) protects", "a": ["workers who enter a treated field", "the crop", "the equipment", "the soil"], "c": 0, "x": "REI protects workers re-entering treated areas."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "Crop rotation is most effective against pests that", "a": ["are host-specific and build up in continuous cropping", "fly long distances", "are generalists", "are mobile"], "c": 0, "x": "Rotation breaks the cycle of pests tied to a single host crop."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A 'scouting' program means", "a": ["regularly checking fields for pest presence and levels", "spraying on a schedule", "guessing", "only checking at harvest"], "c": 0, "x": "Scouting monitors pest levels to guide treatment decisions."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "The 'economic threshold' is", "a": ["the pest level at which control is economically justified", "the maximum yield", "the lowest price", "the field size"], "c": 0, "x": "The economic threshold is when control costs are justified by prevented damage."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "Applying a pesticide to a crop that is NOT on the label is", "a": ["allowed", "a violation", "fine with a license", "up to the applicator"], "c": 1, "x": "The crop/site must be listed on the label \u2014 off-label use is illegal."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A 'tank mix' incompatibility shows as", "a": ["clumping, separation, or gelling in the tank", "a clear solution", "foam only", "a color change only"], "c": 0, "x": "Incompatible mixes clump, separate, or gel \u2014 do a jar test first."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "The best source for the correct rate for a crop is", "a": ["the label", "memory", "a neighbor", "last year's notes"], "c": 0, "x": "The label is the legal source of the correct rate."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A 'nozzle' with a wider spray angle", "a": ["produces a wider swath and can be mounted lower", "produces a narrower swath", "drifts more", "clogs more"], "c": 0, "x": "Wider angles allow lower boom height while maintaining overlap."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A 'shielded sprayer' reduces drift by", "a": ["containing the spray within a hood", "increasing pressure", "using smaller droplets", "spraying faster"], "c": 0, "x": "Shields physically contain the spray, reducing drift."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "The 'field re-entry' after a REI requires", "a": ["the REI to have passed (and proper PPE if specified)", "nothing", "a note", "a phone call"], "c": 0, "x": "Wait out the REI; enter only with required PPE if allowed."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A 'broadcast' application covers", "a": ["the entire field uniformly", "only spots", "only rows", "only edges"], "c": 0, "x": "Broadcast treats the whole area evenly."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A 'band' application treats", "a": ["only a strip over or beside the crop row", "the whole field", "only the edges", "only the corners"], "c": 0, "x": "Band application treats a narrow strip, saving product."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "A 'spot' treatment targets", "a": ["only small, localized areas of pests", "the whole field", "the soil", "the road"], "c": 0, "x": "Spot treatments hit only the infested patches."}, {"cat": "Agricultural", "q": "The best reason to keep good application records is", "a": ["legal compliance and better future decisions", "to show off", "to waste time", "none"], "c": 0, "x": "Records satisfy the law and inform better management."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "A third instar nymph is", "a": ["a caste or division of labor category in a termite colony.", "a definitive stage just before the pupal stage.", "the designated stage between the molted second instar and the next molt."], "c": 2, "x": "An instar is the period between molts. Numbering starts at hatch: a newly hatched insect is a 1st instar; after the first molt it is a 2nd instar, and so on."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following insect orders go through simple or gradual metamorphosis?", "a": ["Silverfish and firebrats", "Beetles and weevils", "Termites and grasshoppers"], "c": 2, "x": "Silverfish and firebrats are ametabolous \u2014 no metamorphosis at all. Beetles are complex. Termites (Blattodea) and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) are simple: egg, nymph, adult."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following insect orders go through complete or complex metamorphosis?", "a": ["Silverfish and firebrats", "Beetles and weevils", "Aphids and stink bugs"], "c": 1, "x": "Coleoptera develop egg \u2192 larva \u2192 pupa \u2192 adult. Aphids and stink bugs are Hemiptera \u2014 simple metamorphosis."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Insects have", "a": ["3 distinct body regions and 4 pairs of legs.", "3 distinct body regions and 3 pairs of legs.", "2 distinct body regions and 4 pairs of legs."], "c": 1, "x": "Head, thorax, abdomen; three pairs of legs on the thorax; one pair of antennae. Four pairs of legs and two body regions describes an arachnid."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Spiders are different from insects in that they", "a": ["have an exoskeleton.", "are cold blooded.", "have 2 distinct body regions: a cephalothorax and abdomen."], "c": 2, "x": "Both groups have exoskeletons and are cold blooded \u2014 those don't separate them. The cephalothorax plus abdomen (and four pairs of legs, no antennae) does."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following are always considered pests?", "a": ["Dampwood termites", "Flies", "Bed bugs"], "c": 2, "x": "Dampwood termites in a forest are recyclers; many flies are harmless or beneficial. Bed bugs feed on sleeping people and have no beneficial role."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Termites go through the following developmental stages:", "a": ["Egg, nymph, pupa, adult", "Egg, larva, pupa, adult", "Egg, nymph, adult"], "c": 2, "x": "Simple metamorphosis. There is no pupal stage in Blattodea."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "IPM is", "a": ["a decision-making process.", "a pest control technique.", "a technique that excludes pesticides as an option."], "c": 0, "x": "IPM decides IF, WHERE, WHEN and WHICH. It never prohibits chemicals \u2014 pesticides are used in many IPM programs."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "The first step in IPM is", "a": ["select a pesticide.", "identify the pest.", "prevent pest problems."], "c": 1, "x": "Analysing the pest problem starts with correct identification \u2014 you cannot treat cockroaches effectively without knowing which species is present."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "An action threshold or injury level is best defined as", "a": ["The level of pest damage or pest numbers that requires control measures be taken.", "The short-term corrective action taken to manage the pest.", "The time when it is too late to manage the pest."], "c": 0, "x": "The action level is set once the injury level is determined \u2014 it is the point at which management prevents the pest from reaching the injury level."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Fumigation is always a reasonable pest management option for most of the structural pests in Washington.", "a": ["True", "False"], "c": 1, "x": "Space fumigation is only appropriate when normal methods will not control the problem, and those situations are rare in the Pacific Northwest."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "A duster is used to apply", "a": ["a liquid insecticide as a perimeter application.", "dust into a wall void.", "a fumigant."], "c": 1, "x": "Hand plunger dusters treat wall or attic voids; bellows and bulb dusters place small quantities precisely. Fumigants are released from canisters into a sealed space."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Dampwood termites are found only in", "a": ["wet wood.", "the soil.", "dry wood."], "c": 0, "x": "They require wet or damp wood from soil contact, leaks, faulty grades or condensation, and they live in the wood they eat rather than returning to soil."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "The inside of subterranean termite shelter or mud tubes appear", "a": ["scaly or pebbled.", "ridged.", "ribbed."], "c": 0, "x": "Their fecal pellets are clumped into the tubes and galleries rather than scattered loose, giving the scaled or pebbled texture."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Dampwood termites swarm in", "a": ["spring.", "early summer.", "late summer or early fall."], "c": 2, "x": "On warm evenings in late summer or fall, especially after rains."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Mature dampwood termite soldiers are", "a": ["3/16 inch long.", "3/4 inch long.", "1 inch long."], "c": 1, "x": "About 3/4 inch (20 mm), with head and mandibles about a third of that length. 3/16 inch is a subterranean worker; ~1 inch is a dampwood winged reproductive."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "The presence of an active dampwood termite colony under a house", "a": ["requires treatment with an insecticide.", "is an indication of a moisture problem.", "can be ignored."], "c": 1, "x": "Chemical treatment alone will not eliminate them \u2014 control means eliminating or repairing unsound wood and correcting the moisture."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Subterranean termite swarming in western Washington occurs", "a": ["predominately in spring.", "predominately in midsummer.", "predominately in fall."], "c": 2, "x": "Fall in western Washington; spring in eastern Washington. They may swarm at any time depending on weather."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following ant groups are primary wood-destroying organisms (WDOs)?", "a": ["Moisture ants", "Odorous house ants", "Carpenter ants"], "c": 2, "x": "Most carpenter ant species start in decayed wood but extend tunnelling into sound wood \u2014 the definition of a primary WDO."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following insect groups are secondary WDOs?", "a": ["Moisture ants", "Subterranean termites", "Pavement ants"], "c": 0, "x": "Moisture ants colonise wood that is already decayed \u2014 the moisture problem invariably existed first. Subterranean termites attack sound dry wood; pavement ants are a nuisance pest."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following carpenter ant life stages is not found in a satellite colony?", "a": ["Eggs", "Larvae", "Workers"], "c": 0, "x": "Satellite colonies hold larvae, pupae, workers and winged reproductives \u2014 but no eggs and no functioning queen."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following ant groups is polymorphic?", "a": ["Pavement ants", "Thatching ants", "Pharaoh ants"], "c": 1, "x": "Thatching ants (Formica) vary in worker size within a colony, as do carpenter ants. Pavement and pharaoh ants are monomorphic."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Accumulating piles of sawdust in various locations (e.g., on crawl space floor) are indicators of a", "a": ["carpenter ant infestation.", "pavement ant infestation.", "moisture ant infestation."], "c": 0, "x": "Carpenter ant sawdust often contains insect parts and dead ants. Moisture ant frass is dark and found around water leaks where decay occurs."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Ants go through the following developmental stages:", "a": ["Egg, pupa, adult", "Egg, larva, pupa, adult", "Egg, nymph, pupa, adult"], "c": 1, "x": "All ants undergo complete metamorphosis; egg to adult takes about 60 days under normal conditions."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Thatching ants", "a": ["have stingers.", "always build mounds.", "sometimes nest in wall voids."], "c": 2, "x": "They bite hard and spray formic acid rather than stinging, and some species nest subterraneously rather than building mounds \u2014 but they have been observed nesting in wall voids."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Lyctid beetles go through the following developmental stages:", "a": ["Egg, nymph, adult", "Egg, larva, pupa, adult", "Egg, nymph, pupa, adult"], "c": 1, "x": "All beetles are Coleoptera \u2014 complete metamorphosis."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Anobiids produce a", "a": ["powdery talc-like frass.", "granular (gritty) pellet-like frass.", "6-sided frass pellets."], "c": 1, "x": "Powdery, face-powder frass is the lyctid signature; hexagonal pellets belong to the dampwood termite."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Golden buprestids are", "a": ["always regarded as a WDO.", "never regarded as a WDO.", "on rare occasions considered a structural pest."], "c": 2, "x": "Only rarely \u2014 where larval populations are dense in flooring or fundamental material can they cause structural weakening. Emerging beetles fly away and do no further damage."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Shipworms are", "a": ["a form of termite.", "a type of structure-infesting beetle.", "a wood-eating clam."], "c": 2, "x": "They attack logs and lumber in salt water and die when the wood is removed from the water. No treatment is needed."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Wood\u2013soil contact is a common and necessary condition conducive to the establishment of", "a": ["carpenter ants.", "fungal rot.", "subterranean termites."], "c": 1, "x": "Decay fungi need free water in the wood \u2014 above about 30% moisture content \u2014 and wood-soil contact supplies it. It is also the first thing to look for when probing for decay."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Lyctids infest which of the following types of wood?", "a": ["Douglas-fir", "Oak", "Hemlock"], "c": 1, "x": "They feed predominantly on the starch in hardwoods \u2014 oak, ash, and bamboo. Douglas-fir and hemlock are softwoods, the province of the anobiids."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "In the Pacific Northwest, anobiids", "a": ["are primary WDOs.", "are the primary structural beetle pest of home wood members (e.g., joists, studs, etc.).", "cannot survive in structural timber."], "c": 1, "x": "They are secondary WDOs because they cannot survive in dry wood \u2014 but they cause most of the structural beetle damage in the region, especially the western deathwatch beetle in crawl spaces at 13\u201318% moisture content."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Cockroaches go through the following developmental stages:", "a": ["Egg, nymph, adult", "Egg, nymph, pupa, adult", "Egg, larva, adult"], "c": 0, "x": "Simple metamorphosis, with five to thirteen molts depending on species and conditions."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "The most commonly encountered cockroach in apartments, homes, and restaurants in the Pacific Northwest is the", "a": ["American cockroach.", "German cockroach.", "brownbanded cockroach."], "c": 1, "x": "It produces more eggs and more generations per year than any other species here, so a few individuals become an infestation quickly."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following cockroaches carries her egg case up until the day before the eggs are ready to hatch?", "a": ["German cockroach", "American cockroach", "Oriental cockroach"], "c": 0, "x": "It is the only cockroach in our area that carries the ootheca that long. Nymphs emerge 1\u20132 days after it is dropped in a secluded spot."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following cockroach species lacks wings or has very stubby wings?", "a": ["German cockroach", "American cockroach", "Oriental cockroach"], "c": 2, "x": "The female is 1 1/4 in with a broad abdomen and stubby wings; the male's wings cover two-thirds of the abdomen. Neither flies or even runs quickly."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which has become the most common type of insecticide treatment for controlling cockroaches?", "a": ["Residual sprays", "Space sprays", "Baits"], "c": 2, "x": "Baits have long residual life, are targeted, raise fewer contamination concerns and can be used in sensitive areas \u2014 but placement matters and competing food must be eliminated."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following food pest beetles has a characteristic \u201csnout\u201d?", "a": ["Granary weevil", "Drugstore beetle", "Sawtooth grain beetle"], "c": 0, "x": "Weevils are snouted. The sawtoothed grain beetle is recognised instead by six teeth on each side of the prothorax."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Carpet beetles feed on", "a": ["all carpets.", "only animal products (e.g., wool).", "both drygoods and animal products."], "c": 2, "x": "Larvae prefer keratin, but several species also infest stored food and grain products, cat and dog food, seeds and bone meal."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "The most common wool-infesting moth in Washington is the", "a": ["white-shouldered moth.", "casemaking clothes moth.", "web-spinning clothes moth."], "c": 1, "x": "Tinea pellionella \u2014 smaller and darker than the webbing clothes moth, with three dark spots on the wings, and its larva carries a silken case wherever it goes."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "The most common food-infesting beetle in western Washington is the", "a": ["sawtooth grain beetle.", "granary beetle.", "drugstore beetle."], "c": 2, "x": "The sawtoothed grain beetle is the major bran bug of eastern Washington; the drugstore beetle is the most frequent offender in the west."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Beetles go through which of the following developmental stages?", "a": ["Egg, larva, pupa, adult", "Egg, larva, adult", "Egg, nymph, pupa, adult"], "c": 0, "x": "Complete metamorphosis, and the larva is usually the destructive stage."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Grain mites are most likely to thrive, given food availability, under which conditions?", "a": ["Very dry and warm conditions (above 90\u00b0F)", "Very humid and moderate conditions (65\u201375\u00b0F)", "Very humid and warm conditions (above 90\u00b0F)"], "c": 1, "x": "They survive near freezing and are generally more prevalent during the colder months."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which stage of the cluster fly overwinters in attics or wall voids?", "a": ["Egg", "Pupa", "Adult"], "c": 2, "x": "Adults congregate in attics like face flies and emerge into the home a few at a time all winter, flying at a window until they die."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "The cluster fly maggot feeds as a", "a": ["parasite in earthworms.", "bot in rabbits.", "larva on fermenting plant material."], "c": 0, "x": "That is what makes it an atypical blow fly."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "When vinegar flies or fruit flies become a problem it is usually because there", "a": ["is a dead animal in the vicinity.", "are lots of houseplants around.", "is a source of fermenting plant material nearby."], "c": 2, "x": "A dead animal points to blow flies; houseplants point to fungus gnats. Fruit flies also breed in drains, disposals, bottles, mops and rags \u2014 scrub the site out, since bleach and hot water won't eliminate it."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Flies go through which of the following developmental stages?", "a": ["Egg, nymph, pupa, adult", "Egg, larva, pupa, adult", "Egg, nymph, adult"], "c": 1, "x": "Diptera have complete metamorphosis; advanced larvae are maggots with no head capsule."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Millipedes are", "a": ["secondary wood-destroying organisms.", "crop-destroying arthropods.", "herbivorous, usually feeding on decaying plant material."], "c": 2, "x": "They enter houses accidentally, are attracted to damp areas, and damage nothing but the occasional houseplant."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Springtails prefer to live in", "a": ["dry areas.", "moist areas.", "very hot areas."], "c": 1, "x": "They feed on decaying organic matter in or on soil, and indoors they dry up and die quickly unless they find somewhere moist."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Yellowjackets overwinter in the Pacific Northwest as", "a": ["eggs.", "workers.", "inseminated new queens."], "c": 2, "x": "They shelter under bark, in stumps, in hollow logs or in attics, and emerge on the first warm days of spring \u2014 rarely March, usually May."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "African bees are", "a": ["dangerous because they can sting multiple times.", "not particularly dangerous.", "dangerous because they can release a particularly efficient alarm pheromone that results in many bees attacking a victim."], "c": 2, "x": "Claims of repeated stinging and especially potent venom are not true \u2014 like any honey bee they sting once, and the venoms are identical in action. The difference is how many are recruited to attack, and how far they pursue."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Spiders have", "a": ["3 pairs of legs and 2 distinctive body regions.", "4 pairs of legs and 2 distinctive body regions.", "4 pairs of legs and 3 distinctive body regions."], "c": 1, "x": "Cephalothorax and abdomen, four pairs of legs, no antennae, no wings."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "The brown recluse spider is found", "a": ["only in western Washington.", "only in the southwestern states.", "in southeastern states."], "c": 2, "x": "Only two specimens have ever been identified in Washington and both were apparently imported. Hobo spider bites are frequently misdiagnosed as recluse bites."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Yellowjackets", "a": ["re-use their nests each year.", "start new nests each spring.", "sometimes re-use their nests in the spring."], "c": 1, "x": "Abandoned nests rapidly decompose over winter. Remove one from an attic or eave anyway \u2014 it can seed carpet beetles."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "West Nile virus is found", "a": ["only in birds.", "in horses, humans, and certain birds.", "only in horses."], "c": 1, "x": "Birds are the primary host; mammals are dead-end hosts. Horses are particularly susceptible \u2014 30\u201340% of symptomatic infected horses die or are permanently disabled."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following is transmitted by ticks?", "a": ["Rabies", "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever", "Trichinosis"], "c": 1, "x": "Rabies comes from the bite of an infected mammal \u2014 in Washington primarily bats. Trichinosis comes from eating infected pork."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "To kill bed bugs, the temperature needs to be at least", "a": ["100\u00b0F.", "120\u00b0F.", "180\u00b0F."], "c": 1, "x": "Launder garments at 120\u00b0F minimum; wash items showing stains at 140\u00b0F; whole-room heaters reach 135\u00b0F. Heat leaves no residual control."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Bed bugs have", "a": ["wings.", "chewing mouthparts.", "piercing-sucking mouthparts."], "c": 2, "x": "They are true bugs (Hemiptera) and are wingless. They inject an anesthetic and an anticoagulant when they feed."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Bed bugs are only found in beds.", "a": ["True", "False"], "c": 1, "x": "They live within 5\u201320 feet of where people sleep \u2014 moldings, carpet edges, walls, ceilings, alarm clocks, remote controls, light fixtures, vents, picture frames, switch plates and clutter of any kind."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "An important step in bed bug management is:", "a": ["Visual inspection to confirm bed bug location and population.", "Pesticide applications to all living areas when a single bed bug is found in a dwelling.", "Abandon the room or building until bed bugs disappear."], "c": 0, "x": "The only way to confirm an infestation is to identify live insects. Abandoning rooms is no guarantee, and blanket applications risk driving them into adjacent units."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following lifestages are killed by steam treatments?", "a": ["Eggs", "Nymph", "All lifestages"], "c": 2, "x": "Including the eggs, which are protected from most pesticides \u2014 but only where the steam actually reaches. Steam before vacuuming."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Norway rats have", "a": ["large ears.", "small ears.", "a tail that is longer than the head and body."], "c": 1, "x": "The ear will not quite reach the eye if pulled forward, the muzzle is blunt, and the tail is shorter than the body. Large ears and a long tail describe the roof rat."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Hantavirus is carried largely by", "a": ["skunks.", "deer mice.", "squirrels."], "c": 1, "x": "Sin Nombre hantavirus is associated with deer mouse urine, saliva and feces, and is contracted by breathing contaminated dust when a nest is disturbed or dry droppings are swept."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Bats can carry", "a": ["rabies.", "measles.", "chicken pox."], "c": 0, "x": "Bats are the primary rabies carrier in Washington. Treat every bat bite as a potential exposure; never handle one bare-handed."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Bait shyness in rodents", "a": ["occurs when the bait odor is not attractive.", "occurs because human odors are present on the bait.", "is commonly a problem when inadequate control with an acute toxicant was not achieved after the first baiting."], "c": 2, "x": "Zinc phosphide is the only true acute rodenticide registered here, and its symptoms come on soon enough that a survivor associates the pain with the bait \u2014 which is why it is preferably used no more than once a year."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Snap traps for rodents such as mice should be placed", "a": ["parallel to a wall.", "perpendicular to a wall with the trigger next to the wall.", "perpendicular to a wall with the trigger away from the wall."], "c": 1, "x": "Rodents run walls by touch. A double set increases success; secure rat traps so wounded animals cannot drag them off."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following is a wood-destroying organism (WDO) according to Washington law?", "a": ["Thatching ants", "Moisture ants", "Mold"], "c": 1, "x": "WAC 16-228-2005 lists carpenter ants, moisture ants, subterranean termites, dampwood termites, beetles in the family Anobiidae, and wood decay fungi."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Substructure crawl areas must be inspected when accessible.", "a": ["True", "False"], "c": 0, "x": "And where they are inaccessible, the reason must be explained in the report, annotated on the diagram, and the findings must state that they may be vulnerable and should be made accessible."}, {"cat": "EM019 Manual", "q": "Which of the following would not be considered a conducive condition?", "a": ["Moisture from plumbing leaks", "Earth in direct contact with wood", "Moisture barrier"], "c": 2, "x": "A vapor barrier is a remedy \u2014 bare or unimproved ground in a substructure is the conducive condition it corrects."}];
|
||
|
||
(function(){
|
||
const CATS = ['All','Core','Structural','Ornamental & Turf','Agricultural','EM019 Manual'];
|
||
let mode = 'practice'; // 'practice' | 'mock'
|
||
let curCat = 'All', qi = 0, score = 0, answered = 0, qlist = [];
|
||
let mock = { qs: [], answers: [], secs: 0, timer: null };
|
||
|
||
function pick(n, arr){ return arr.map((x,i)=>({...x,_r:Math.random()})).sort((a,b)=>a._r-b._r).slice(0,n); }
|
||
function buildList(){
|
||
qlist = curCat === 'All' ? ALLQ.slice() : ALLQ.filter(q=>q.cat===curCat);
|
||
qlist = qlist.map((x,i)=>({...x,_r:Math.random()})).sort((a,b)=>a._r-b._r);
|
||
qi = 0; score = 0; answered = 0;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function fmt(secs){ const m=Math.floor(secs/60), ss=secs%60; return m+':'+String(ss).padStart(2,'0'); }
|
||
|
||
function render(){
|
||
const root = document.getElementById('v-waprep');
|
||
const cats = CATS.map(c=>`<button class="wac${c===curCat?' on':''}" data-wacat="${c}">${c}</button>`).join('');
|
||
let body = '';
|
||
|
||
if (mode === 'mock') {
|
||
const total = mock.qs.length;
|
||
if (mock.submitted) {
|
||
const pct = Math.round(mock.score/total*100);
|
||
body = `<div class="wa-res"><div class="wa-big">${mock.score} / ${total}</div>
|
||
<div class="wa-pct ${pct>=70?'pass':'fail'}">${pct}% — ${pct>=70?'PASS':'NOT PASSING (70% needed)'}</div>
|
||
<p class="lede">Time used: ${fmt(mock.secs)} (of 120:00). Review below.</p></div>
|
||
${mock.qs.map((q,i)=>{
|
||
const u = mock.answers[i];
|
||
const ok = u === q.c;
|
||
return `<div class="wa-rev ${ok?'ok':'bad'}">
|
||
<div class="wa-rq">${i+1}. ${q.q}</div>
|
||
<div class="wa-ro">Your answer: <b>${u==null?'(skipped)':String.fromCharCode(65+u)+'. '+q.a[u]}</b></div>
|
||
${ok?'':`<div class="wa-ro">Correct: <b>${String.fromCharCode(65+q.c)+'. '+q.a[q.c]}</b></div>`}
|
||
<div class="wa-expl" style="display:block">${q.x}</div>
|
||
</div>`;
|
||
}).join('')}
|
||
<div class="wa-nav" style="display:block;text-align:center"><button class="btn" id="wa-again">New Mock Exam</button></div>`;
|
||
} else {
|
||
const q = mock.qs[qi];
|
||
body = `<div class="wa-prog"><span>Question ${qi+1} / ${total}</span><span class="wa-timer" id="wa-timer">${fmt(mock.secs)}</span></div>
|
||
<div class="wa-q">${q.q}</div>
|
||
<div class="wa-opts">${q.a.map((opt,i)=>`<button class="wa-opt${mock.answers[qi]===i?' sel':''}" data-i="${i}">${String.fromCharCode(65+i)}. ${opt}</button>`).join('')}</div>
|
||
<div class="wa-nav" style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center">
|
||
<button class="btn ghost" id="wa-prev" ${qi===0?'disabled':''}>← Back</button>
|
||
${qi+1<total?'<button class="btn" id="wa-next2">Next →</button>':'<button class="btn" id="wa-submit">Submit Exam</button>'}
|
||
</div>`;
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
const total = qlist.length;
|
||
const q = qlist[qi];
|
||
body = `
|
||
<div class="wa-prog"><span>${Math.min(answered+1, total)} / ${total}</span><span class="wa-score">Score ${score}/${answered||1}</span></div>
|
||
<div class="wa-q">${q.q}</div>
|
||
<div class="wa-opts">${q.a.map((opt, i)=>`<button class="wa-opt" data-i="${i}">${String.fromCharCode(65+i)}. ${opt}</button>`).join('')}</div>
|
||
<div class="wa-expl" id="wa-expl" style="display:none"></div>
|
||
<div class="wa-nav" style="display:none"><button class="btn" id="wa-next">${qi+1 < total ? 'Next →' : 'Restart'}</button></div>`;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
root.innerHTML = `
|
||
<section class="hero" style="padding-top:26px">
|
||
<div class="eyebrow">${ALLQ.length} questions · original + the manual's own exam · not scraped</div>
|
||
<h1><span class="lo">Pass the license</span>WA<br><em>Exam Prep</em></h1>
|
||
<p class="lede">Practice by category with instant feedback, or sit a timed 50-question mock exam (120 minutes, 70% to pass) built from the full bank.</p>
|
||
<div class="wa-cats">${cats}</div>
|
||
<div style="margin-top:14px">
|
||
<button class="btn" id="wa-mode">${mode==='practice'?'Start Mock Exam (50 Q · 120 min)':'Back to Practice'}</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section class="section" style="padding-top:10px">
|
||
<div class="wa-card">${body}</div>
|
||
</section>`;
|
||
|
||
// wire category buttons
|
||
root.querySelectorAll('[data-wacat]').forEach(b=>b.addEventListener('click', ()=>{ curCat = b.dataset.wacat; buildList(); render(); }));
|
||
const modeBtn = root.querySelector('#wa-mode');
|
||
if (modeBtn) modeBtn.addEventListener('click', ()=>{
|
||
if (mode === 'practice') { startMock(); } else { mode = 'practice'; buildList(); render(); }
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
if (mode === 'practice') {
|
||
root.querySelectorAll('.wa-opt').forEach(b=>b.addEventListener('click', ()=>{
|
||
const i = +b.dataset.i, q = qlist[qi];
|
||
const correct = i === q.c;
|
||
if (correct) score++;
|
||
answered++;
|
||
root.querySelectorAll('.wa-opt').forEach(o=>{ o.disabled = true; if (+o.dataset.i === q.c) o.classList.add('right'); });
|
||
if (!correct) b.classList.add('wrong');
|
||
const expl = root.querySelector('#wa-expl');
|
||
expl.style.display = 'block';
|
||
expl.innerHTML = `<strong>${correct?'Correct':'Incorrect'}.</strong> ${q.x}`;
|
||
root.querySelector('.wa-nav').style.display = 'block';
|
||
root.querySelector('.wa-score').textContent = `Score ${score}/${answered}`;
|
||
}));
|
||
const nx = root.querySelector('#wa-next');
|
||
if (nx) nx.addEventListener('click', ()=>{ if (qi+1 < qlist.length) qi++; else buildList(); render(); });
|
||
} else if (!mock.submitted) {
|
||
root.querySelectorAll('.wa-opt').forEach(b=>b.addEventListener('click', ()=>{
|
||
mock.answers[qi] = +b.dataset.i;
|
||
render();
|
||
}));
|
||
const prev = root.querySelector('#wa-prev');
|
||
if (prev) prev.addEventListener('click', ()=>{ if (qi>0){ qi--; render(); } });
|
||
const n2 = root.querySelector('#wa-next2');
|
||
if (n2) n2.addEventListener('click', ()=>{ qi++; render(); });
|
||
const sub = root.querySelector('#wa-submit');
|
||
if (sub) sub.addEventListener('click', ()=>{ submitMock(); });
|
||
}
|
||
const again = root.querySelector('#wa-again');
|
||
if (again) again.addEventListener('click', ()=>{ startMock(); });
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function startMock(){
|
||
mode = 'mock';
|
||
const qs = pick(50, ALLQ);
|
||
mock = { qs: qs, answers: new Array(qs.length).fill(null), secs: 0, submitted: false, timer: null, score: 0 };
|
||
clearInterval(mock.timer);
|
||
mock.timer = setInterval(()=>{ if (!mock.submitted) { mock.secs++; const t=document.getElementById('wa-timer'); if (t) t.textContent = fmt(mock.secs); if (mock.secs >= 7200) submitMock(); } }, 1000);
|
||
qi = 0;
|
||
render();
|
||
}
|
||
function submitMock(){
|
||
clearInterval(mock.timer);
|
||
mock.score = mock.qs.reduce((s,q,i)=> s + (mock.answers[i]===q.c ? 1 : 0), 0);
|
||
mock.submitted = true;
|
||
render();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const origGo = window.go;
|
||
window.go = function(v){
|
||
if (v === 'waprep') { if (mode==='mock' && !mock.submitted && mock.qs.length) { /* keep state */ } else { buildList(); } render(); }
|
||
origGo(v);
|
||
};
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
<style>
|
||
.wa-cats{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:14px}
|
||
.wa-cats .wac{padding:8px 16px;border-radius:999px;border:1px solid var(--line,#2C3455);background:var(--surface,#141A30);color:var(--text,#EDE7D6);cursor:pointer;font-size:.85rem}
|
||
.wa-cats .wac.on{background:var(--brass,#E3A53F);color:#1a1206;border-color:var(--brass,#E3A53F);font-weight:700}
|
||
.wa-card{background:var(--surface,#141A30);border:1px solid var(--line,#2C3455);border-radius:14px;padding:24px;max-width:760px;margin:0 auto}
|
||
.wa-prog{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font-family:"JetBrains Mono",monospace;font-size:.78rem;color:var(--text-faint,#6E7688);margin-bottom:16px}
|
||
.wa-timer{color:var(--brass,#E3A53F);font-weight:700}
|
||
.wa-score{color:var(--verdigris,#54BFA9)}
|
||
.wa-q{font-family:Fraunces,serif;font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.4;color:var(--text,#EDE7D6);margin-bottom:18px}
|
||
.wa-opts{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:10px}
|
||
.wa-opt{text-align:left;padding:12px 16px;border-radius:10px;border:1px solid var(--line,#2C3455);background:var(--surface-2,#1B2239);color:var(--text,#EDE7D6);cursor:pointer;font-size:.95rem;line-height:1.4}
|
||
.wa-opt:hover:not(:disabled){border-color:var(--brass,#E3A53F)}
|
||
.wa-opt.sel{border-color:var(--brass,#E3A53F);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--brass,#E3A53F) 14%,transparent)}
|
||
.wa-opt.right{background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--verdigris,#54BFA9) 22%,transparent);border-color:var(--verdigris,#54BFA9)}
|
||
.wa-opt.wrong{background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--crimson,#DE5F45) 22%,transparent);border-color:var(--crimson,#DE5F45)}
|
||
.wa-opt:disabled{cursor:default;opacity:.9}
|
||
.wa-expl{margin-top:16px;padding:12px 16px;border-left:3px solid var(--verdigris,#54BFA9);background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--verdigris,#54BFA9) 9%,transparent);border-radius:8px;font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--text,#EDE7D6)}
|
||
.wa-nav{margin-top:16px;text-align:right}
|
||
.wa-res{text-align:center;padding:20px 0}
|
||
.wa-big{font-family:Fraunces,serif;font-size:3rem;color:var(--text,#EDE7D6)}
|
||
.wa-pct{font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:700;margin:6px 0 14px}
|
||
.wa-pct.pass{color:var(--verdigris,#54BFA9)}
|
||
.wa-pct.fail{color:var(--crimson,#DE5F45)}
|
||
.wa-rev{border:1px solid var(--line,#2C3455);border-radius:10px;padding:14px;margin-bottom:12px;text-align:left}
|
||
.wa-rev.ok{border-left:3px solid var(--verdigris,#54BFA9)}
|
||
.wa-rev.bad{border-left:3px solid var(--crimson,#DE5F45)}
|
||
.wa-rq{font-weight:600;color:var(--text,#EDE7D6);margin-bottom:6px}
|
||
.wa-ro{font-size:.88rem;color:var(--text-dim,#A3A99C);margin-bottom:4px}
|
||
</style>
|
||
|